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Question 1

Concentration gradients ions

Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, H+, Cl-

Answer 1

cytosolic c/ extracellular c [mM]
Na+ 5-15/145
K+ 140/5
Mg2+ 0,5/2
Ca2+ 10^-4/1-2
H 7*10^-5/4*10^-5
Cl- 5-15/110

Question 2

Carrier

Answer 2

conformational changes, uphill/downhill and low transport rate

Question 3

Transports

Answer 3

passive:
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusin: carrier and channel mediated
active transport

Question 4

Nernst equation

Answer 4

E ion = RT/zF * ln [ion out]/[ion in]
in 25°C:
E ion = 59 mV/z * log [ion out]/[ion in]

Question 5

Sodium pump + cytplasmic domains

Answer 5

3 Na+ for 2 K+ (inside getting negative)
phosphorilation domain P
nucleotide binding domain N
actuator domain A

Question 6

V type ATPases

Answer 6

30 SU
rotary motor as F atpase
proton pumps
vacuolar membranes on plants, yeast, other fungi

Question 7

Ion channels

Answer 7

auqueous pore
selective filter
extracellulare binding site for ligands
voltage sensor
intracellular binding site for ligands
inactivation domain
gate

Question 8

resting potential

Answer 8

-77mV

Question 9

gateing of ion channels

Answer 9

ligand gated (inta or extracellular), mechanically gated

Question 10

patch clamp technique

Answer 10

whole cell recordning
inside out recording
outside.out recording

Question 11

Enzyme coupled receptors often goes together with

Answer 11

Tyr kinase

Question 12

What are seccond messenger?

Answer 12

small diffusible molecules “produced” in large amounts upon receptor activation. they spred the signal in the cell

Question 13

hydrophilic sec. messenger

Answer 13

cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Ca2+

Question 14

lipophilic sec. messenger

Answer 14

DAG, PIPn

Question 15

molecular ON/OFF switches:

Answer 15

(de-)phosphorylation,
GTP binding/hydrolysis
signal molecule proteiin
sec. messenger
covalent modification (other than phosphoylation)

Question 16

2 classes of G proteins

Answer 16

heteromeric G proteins (3 SU)

small monomeric G proteins: Rho, Ras, Arf, Ran

Question 17

negative feedback loop

Answer 17

receptor sequestration
down-regulation of receptor
inactivation of receptor
inactivation of signal molecules
synthesis of inhibitor

Question 18

EF-hand motif

Answer 18

most frequent Ca2+ binding motif in proteins
helix-loop-helix
Ca2+ surrounded by 6 oxygens of polypeptide and one on water
dissiciation constant: ~1µM Ca2+
pairs in porteins
e.g. calmodulin

Question 19

Calmodulin

Answer 19

calcium.binding modulator protein (CaM)
in cytosol and nucleus
1% of total protein content
binding Ca2+: conformational change, exposure of hydrophibic AA residues, binding to targes seq eithin alpha helix in other proteins