Gram Negative Bacteria

Question 0

What are Escherichia Coli, Shigella and Salmonella examples of?

Answer 0

Enterobacteriaceae - rods of the intestines

Remember as related to poo

Question 1

What, essentially are enterobacteriaceae?

Answer 1

Rods of the Intestines

Question 2

What type of bacteria are Gram Negative Rods, typically colonise the gut, but can also cause GI infections if virulent?

Answer 2

Escherichia Coli

Question 3

What are UTIs (simple and severe) and mild intestinal disease examples of?

Answer 3

Escherichia Coli - Gram Negative Rods

Question 4

What bacteria causes dysentery, characterised by bloody, mucous filled diarrhoea spread by contamination of food by handlers (faecal- oral route) or at source?

Answer 4

Shigella dysenteriae - Gram Negative Rods

Question 5

What is a gastrointestinal disease previously associated with eggs?

Answer 5

Salmonella Enteritidis - Gram Negative Rods

An example of Non typhoidal salmonella

Question 6

What is a serious cause of infection called typhoid fever with systemic signs - which often results in carriers like Typhoid Mary maintaining it by passing it on through poor hygiene?

Answer 6

Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi

Question 7

There are two types of salmonella:
Non typhoidal salmonella and Typhoidal salmonella

Which category do Salmonella Enteritidis and
Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi fit into?

Answer 7

Nontyphoidal = Enteritidis

Typhoidal = Typhi/Paratyphi

Question 8

Enteric infections tend to be Gram Negative…..

Answer 8

Rods

Question 9

What are neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonorrhea, bordetella pertussis and haemophilus influenzae examples of?

Answer 9

Neisseria - Gram Negative Diplococci - Non enteric infections

NOT in the intestines

Question 10

What bacteria is Gram Negative diplococci, capsulated and non-motile and also referred to as the meningococci?

Answer 10

Neiserria meningitidis

Question 11

What bacteria is the leading cause of meningitis, which can be associated with septicaemia needing prompt antibiotic therapy?

Answer 11

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 12

What bacteria is similar to n meningitidis but has no capsule and is motile?
(it is also called the gonococci)

Answer 12

Neisseria gonorrhoea - Gram Negative diplococci

Question 13

What bacteria is the second most common STD in the UK, causing urethral, rectal and throat infections in men and women, and endocervical infections in women?

Answer 13

Neisseria gonnorhea

It also causes eye infections in new borns but is usually asymptomatic and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy

Question 14

What bacteria is the cause of whooping cough - a diseases that only uses humans as a reservoir and is globally increasing?

Answer 14

Bordetella pertussis

Question 15

What bacteria is cocco bacilli - and causes invasive infections typically by type B influenza (80%)?
This also causes many infections, most often meningitis however there is a vaccination for this.

Answer 15

Haemophilius influenzae

Question 16

What characterises type b h influenza?

Answer 16

a capsule round the cell

Question 17

What type of gram-negative bacteria is mainly found in the GI Tract and can cause escherichia, salmonella, shigella, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter and yersinia?

Answer 17

Enterobacteriacae

Question 18

Self limiting GI infections (diarrhoea) and enteric fever (typhoid) are Gram-Negative Rods, but what are they?

Answer 18

Salmonella

Question 19

The predominant cause of salmonella from food is campylobacter as we are now vaccinated against the one from where?

Answer 19

Eggs

Question 20

Salmonella is not commensal. What does this mean?

Answer 20

We do not carry it inside us normally.

All strains will cause disease in humans

Question 21

What disease caused by Gram-negative rods (enterobacteriacae) is resistant to freezing and drying, sensitive to most disinfectants and killed at high temperatures?

Answer 21

Salmonella

Question 22

The reservoirs for what disease are GI Tracts of animals (including poultry, cattle, reptiles, arthropods and humans with enteric fever)?

What does this mean we need to do after touching animals?

Answer 22

Salmonella

WASH YOUR HANDS

Question 23

What are 3 ways salmonella can be transmitted?

Answer 23

Food from infected animals
Contaminated food/water
Contact with an infected animal or person

Question 24

What is the difference between you getting salmonella - or not getting it - even if you have ingested bacterial cells?

Answer 24

You have to ingest a certain amount - 10 to the power of 4-7

Question 25

Is the onset of non-typhoidal salmonella or typhoidal salmonella faster?

Answer 25

Non-typhoidal = hours 12/72 It takes days for typhoidal salmonella to kick in - this is the one only found in humans

Question 26

Which type of salmonella resulting from enterobacteriacae (Gram-Negative Rods) gives you gastroenteritis - often localised to the GI, diarrhoea and for less than 10 days?

Answer 26

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella

Question 27

Which type of salmonella resulting from enterobacteriacae (Gram-Negative Rods) gives you enteric fever, resulting in systemic infection, diarrhoea/constipation and a symptom duration of about 3 weeks? It can also be acute carriage or last for a year (chronic carriage)

Answer 27

Typhoidal Salmonella

Question 28

5% of previously infected individuals become chronic carriers of what?

Answer 28

Enteric Fever (Typhoidal salmonella) They keep spreading it around although they appear healthy

Question 29

Diarrhoea in the returning traveller might be what?

Answer 29

Enteric Fever (Typhoidal Salmonella)

Question 30

What are the 2 types of typhoid?

Answer 30

Salmonella paratyphi and salmonella typhi

Question 31

What 3 ways can we prevent salmonella typhi?

Answer 31

Check stools of healthcare workers and food handlers for clearance (treat if not cleared) Prevent faecal contamination of drinking water and food supplies Good public health measures

Question 32

What Gram-Negative Rod (enterobacteriacae) infection causes dysentry/shigellosis - can sometimes be called bacillary dysentry?

Answer 32

Shigella

Question 33

What infection has the symptoms of abdominal cramps, tenesmus, frequent passage of mucoid bloody diarrhoea and is spread to person to person via faecal oral route?

Answer 33

Shigellosis - bacillary dysentry - don't need many cells to get it

Question 34

What may you see outbreaks of in primary schools - that results in mucoid bloody diarrhoea?

Answer 34

Shigellosis/Bacillary Dysentry

Question 35

Bacteraemia, GI Infections, UTIs and neonatal meningitis are examples of Gram-Negative Rods (enterobactariacae), but what bacteria group are they in?

Answer 35

Escherichia Coli

Question 36

E.coli is commensal of the human gut, but what is it associated with? NIBU

Answer 36

Intestinal Infections UTI Infections Neonatal Meningitis Bacteraemia

Question 37

There are many types of Diarrhoeagenic E.Coli, but which is traveller's diarrhoea? ETEC, EHEC, EPEC, EIEC

Answer 37

EHEC Remember this is enterobacteriaec

Question 38

What type of E.coli is found in the GI Tracts of humans, cattle, pigs, amphibians and fish?

Answer 38

EHEC, Traveller's diarrhoea

Question 39

What 4 ways can EHEC/traveller's diarrhoea be spread?

Answer 39

Undercooked Contaminated Meat Unpasteurised Dairy Products Contaminated Fruit and Veg Environmental Outbreaks

Question 40

Verotoxin producing E.coli (VTEC) and Shiga toxin E.coli (STEC) are otherwise known as what? 0157 most important

Answer 40

EHEC - traveller's diarrhoea

Question 41

Strain 0157 of EHEC is relatively rare but in what cases is it serious?

Answer 41

Infants

Question 42

``` What enterobacteriacae (Gram-Negative Rods) results in mild gastroenteritis to severe bloody diarrhoea? This can lead to haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome ```

Answer 42

EHEC

Question 43

What can E.coli cause (enterobacteriacae) that is more prevalent in women, where predisposing factors are pregnancy, sexual intercourse and catheterisation?

Answer 43

E.coli Urinary Tract infections

Question 44

What are UTIs and EHEC often caused by?

Answer 44

E.coli - enterobacteriacae

Question 45

For what do we need high bacterial cell numbers, symptoms and a raised white blood cell count in the urine to show it is there?

Answer 45

E.Coli UTI

Question 46

UTIs can spread up to the kidneys and into the blood. | Why are they more common in women?

Answer 46

Shorter urethra and less effective cysto-ureteric valve, so E.coli can get in easier

Question 47

What are cystitis and pyelonephritis examples of?

Answer 47

E.coli UTIs

Question 48

What condition has symptoms of burning during urination, severe low back pain and fever, chills, nausea and vomiting

Answer 48

Just burning = cystitis The rest = pyelonephritis - can usually see bacteraemia in blood, CVA tenderness and elevated RBC in urine and WBC can be seen Pyelonephritis = PUS in urine

Question 49

General UTIs are usually caused by E.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus (usually kids) and sometimes Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus and Citrobacter. Which causes cystitis and pyelonephritis?

Answer 49

E.coli

Question 50

What enterobacteriacae colonises catheters?

Answer 50

Proteus Mirabilis

Question 51

What bacteria swarms on culture plates, can cause UTI, bacteraemia and pneumonia and is notorious for encrustation of catheters, due to a biofilm formation?

Answer 51

Proteus Mirabilis

Question 52

If a patient has a catheter and proteus mirabilis is found in their urine culture, what does this usually signal?

Answer 52

Encrustation of catheter NOT infection

Question 53

Staphylococcus Epidermis and Proteus Mirabilis - if you get a question asking which infects medical devices - what is the answer?

Answer 53

Staph Epidermis as Proteus Mirabilis is catheter only

Question 54

What enterobacteriacae (gram negative rod) can cause severe pneumonia, UTI, surgical wounds and sepsis - that is commonly isolated from patients?

Answer 54

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Question 55

For which enterobacteriae is antibiotic resistance often an issue?

Answer 55

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Question 56

What enterobacteriacae has a cell membrane that mimics the host tissue so the immune system does not attack it?

Answer 56

Klesbsiella Pneumonia | also issue of antibiotic resistance for this reason

Question 57

What is bacteraemia?

Answer 57

Bugs in the blood

Question 58

Bacteraemia/bugs in the blood can often lead to what?

Answer 58

Sepsis = fever, raised heartrate, fast breathing, nausea, confusion 50% cases due to pneumonia

Question 59

What 3 types of sepsis are there?

Answer 59

Uncomplicated - no need for hospital Severe - interferes with vital organs Septic Shock - organ failure MOST GRAM NEGATIVE RODS

Question 60

Where can klesiebella pneumonia be carried?

Answer 60

In the poo - this is why it is enterobacteriae

Question 61

Name the 3 types of infection you have learned about that cover gram negative, non-enteric infections: RBS

Answer 61

Respiratory Infections Bacterial Meningitis Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Question 62

Which type of gram negative infections tend not to be in the intestines?

Answer 62

Non enteric infections

Question 63

Bordatella - what does this mean?

Answer 63

That the infection is a short rod - so is basically either cocci or rod: not either

Question 64

What does the gram-negative, non-enteric bordetella pertussis cause? Is it a rod or cocci?

Answer 64

Whopping cough - and it is cocco-bacillus: nor rod or cocci Bordatella = short rod, so looks like rod and cocci

Question 65

What is the infection of the respiratory tract that is highly contagious and adapted to colonise humans called? It's symptoms are lots of coughing fits. What is it caused by?

Answer 65

Whooping cough - Bordatella pertussis gram = gram negative

Question 66

What gram-negative cocco-bacilli infection is transmitted through droplet dissemination, usually arises from children with the disease and is spread amongst households due to the degree of contact being an important factor?

Answer 66

Whooping Cough - Bordatella Pertussis

Question 67

Who do we give whooping cough immunisations to?

Answer 67

Infants under 2 Travellers going to endemic regions Healthcare/at risk workers Non-immunised people

Question 68

What can we treat the gram-negative coccobacilli infection of whooping cough with?

Answer 68

macrolide antibiotics can also prevent with 7 day course of clarithromycin (e.g. if someone in house has it)

Question 69

Gram-negative cocci bacterial meningitis is inflammation of the lining of the brain. What are the two types?

Answer 69

Neisseria Meningitidis | Haemophilus Influenzae

Question 70

Bacterial Meningitis is caused by what type of bacteria?

Answer 70

Gram-Negative Cocci

Question 71

What gram-negative cocci bacterial infection can present as a triad of fever, neck stiffness and altered mental status - but is most easily found by gram staining CSF?

Answer 71

Bacterial Meningitis

Question 72

Which type of gram negative cocci-bacilli bacteria usually causes meningitis if capsuled (although other infections too), is typical in early childhood, can be carried by people without disease and is more common in winter and low socio-economic status people?

Answer 72

Haemophilius Influenzae

Question 73

Which type of gram-negative bean shaped diplococci bacteria can be grouped based on capsule, can be carried in the nasopharynx, and is the leading cause of meningitis?

Answer 73

Neisseria meningitidis | bean shaped

Question 74

What gram-negative cocci bacteria is motile with uretheral attachment components (not capsule)?

Answer 74

N.gonorrhoea

Question 75

What infection may result in symptoms if the bacteria is in the urethra, rectal or endocervical regions but usually not in the pharyngeal region?

Answer 75

Gonnorhea - gram negative cocci

Question 76

What infection can lead to PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy and be passed to neonates giving them conjunctivitis? It is also now becoming resistant to first line treatment

Answer 76

Gonnorhea