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Microbiology > Gram Positive Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacteria Flashcards

0
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus is gram positive cocci found in groups. Where can it be carried?

A

Nasal cavity, throat and groin

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1
Q

What are Staphylococcus Aureus, Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Staphylococcus Saprophyticus examples of?

A

Staphylococci - Gram Positive Cocci

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2
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus coagulase negative or positive?

A

Positive

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3
Q

What type of bacteria can cause infections to the skin and soft tissues, such as burns and endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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4
Q

What can MRSA be caused by?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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5
Q

What do you need to do to MRSA patients to prevent spread?

A

Isolate them

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6
Q

What do we sometimes use to treat MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

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7
Q

What bacteria is Gram Positive, coagulase negative and mainly causes infections of medical devices (prosthetic joints and catheters etc)?

A

Staphylococcus Epidermis

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8
Q

What bacteria is the second most common cause of UTIs, is coagulase negative and Gram Positive Cocci?

A

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

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9
Q

What is the morphology of Staphylococci?

A

Bunches/groups of cocci

Gram Positive

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10
Q

What is the morphology of Streptococci?

A

Chains of cocci

Gram Positive

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11
Q

What are streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes examples of?

A

Gram Positive Streptococci

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12
Q

What bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia and ear infections?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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13
Q

What bacteria is alpha haemolytic (turning regions green when grown in blood) and cause invasive infections linked to a presence of a capsule around the bacterium?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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14
Q

What may be referred to as Group A strep/GAS?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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15
Q

What bacteria is made up of Gram Positive chains of cocci that is beta haemolytic (clears zones around colonies in blood sugar)?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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16
Q

What bacteria may cause tonsillitis, skin and soft tissue infections like impetigo and deeper infections like necrotising fasciitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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17
Q

What bacteria is enterococcus faecalis an example of?

A

Enterococci

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18
Q

What bacteria’s major issue is resistance to vancomycin that can lead to line infections?

A

Enterococcus faecalis which causes Klesebella Pneumoniae?

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19
Q

What bacteria is a Gram Positive Rod, anaerobic (hates air) but is a spore producer? (allowing bacteria to spread easily in an environment…

A

Clostridium Difficile

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20
Q

What bacteria can cause C.diff disease or antibiotic associated diarrhoea, which may lead to pseudomembranous colitis or toxic mega colon?

A

Clostridium Difficile

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21
Q

What Gram positive rod is an anaerobic spore former that can result in gas gangrene, flourishes in necrotic (dead) tissue and requires surgical debridement or amputation?

A

Clostridium Perfringens

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22
Q

What do clostridium cause?

A

Spores

23
Q

Are staphs and streps coccus or rod shaped?

A

Coccus

24
Q

Is clostridia coccus or rod shaped?

A

Rod

25
Q

What gram positive bacteria is present in the nose of 40% of the population?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

26
Q

What bacteria can cause food poisoning, skin and soft tissue infection, bone infections and endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

27
Q

Examples of skin and soft tissue infections are scalded skin syndrome (in children) and Toxic Shock Syndrome.
Which bacteria are likely to cause these?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

28
Q

What do we treat scalded skin syndrome with?

A

Oral antibiotics

29
Q

What is MRSA often resistant to?

A

Penicillin - have to use vancomycin

30
Q

Why is MRSA most common in elderly, lines/catheters, surgical wounds and intensive care units?

A

It won’t cause disease in a healthy person - mainly immunocompromised

31
Q

What bacteria in the skin makes us need to change cannulae every 72hours?

A

Staphylococcus Epidermis

32
Q 
Streptococci can also be classified as:
haemolytic (alpha) - green
haemolytic (beta) - clear zone
non-haemolytic
What bacteria that you have studied fits in these?
A

Haemolytic (alpha) = Strep Pneumoniae
Haemolytic (beta) = Strep Pyogenes
Non Haemolytic = Enterococci

33
Q

What patients are predisposed to strep pneumoniae?

ASID

A

Alcoholics, no spleen, immunosuppressed, diabetic

34
Q

Strep pneumoniae can be invasive or noninvasive. What can it cause?
SOPMSS

A 
Sinusitis
Otitis Media
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Septicaemia
Septic Arthiritis
35
Q

Does pneumococcal meningitis have a higher mortality rate than other types?

A

Yes

36
Q

In which populations is pneumococcal meningitis most common (from strep pneumoniae)?

A

Under 2s and over 65s - vaccination in these age groups are key

Conjugate to 2s
Polysaccaride to over 65s

37
Q

What does Group A Streptococci cause?

A

Skin infections and pharyngitis

Group A is also known as strep pyogenes

38
Q

How is strep pyogenes usually spread?

A

Droplets and skin shedding

39
Q

What bacteria produces toxins and often necrotising infections?

A

Strep Pyogenes

40
Q

Strep throat - the bacterial sore throat that isn’t viral (only about 10% of these are not viral), which can lead to further complications due to bacteria getting deeper into the tissue - needs to be treated by oral antibiotics.
What bacteria can cause it?

A

Group A - Strep Pyogenes

41
Q

Impetigo is contagious, can be treated with oral antibiotics and can leave crusty blisters on the faces of children.
It can sometimes be caused by staphylococcus aureus but is usually caused by what?

A

Strep Pyogenes

42
Q

Cellulitis is bacilli.
It enters the skin via trauma, and rapidly spreads causing hot, red skin.
If not treated quickly it can get serious. What causes it?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Pyogenes

Must give appropriate antibiotics asap

43
Q

Necrotising Fasciitis is acute infection of deeper layers of skin - it makes it red, hot, swollen and very painful.
It can progress to death of tissue/gangrene and make you seriously unwell.
What causes this and what people are predisposed to it? (TID)

A

Strep Pyogenes

Trauma, Diabetes, IVDU

44
Q

Necrotising Fasciitis is caused by streptococcus pyogenes and spreads quickly.
What is important in treatment?

A

Needs to be aggressive, involving I.V. antibiotics.

If you confuse it with cellulitis and don’t act fast enough it may need debridement/removal

45
Q

What group do antibiotic associated diarrhoea (c.diff) and gas gangrene (c.perfringens) fit into?

A

Clostridium - RODS

46
Q

Tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism and AAD are anaerobic and produce spores. What kind of infections are they?

A

clostridium

47
Q

What infection can we prevent by cleaning and debriding wounds, that involves a spore making its way into a wound, germinating and producing toxins resulting in foul discharge and pain?

A

Gas Gangrene - caused by Clostridium perfringens

48
Q

What infection is in 3%adults/75%infants, is anaerobic and spore forming, most common in over 65s or in people on antibiotics and can cause pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clostridium Difficile Infection

49
Q

How can long term antibiotics result in c.diff?

A

It alters normal flora so there is no resistance to c.diff - which colonises the area.
Mostly happens to over 65s.

50
Q

What is pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Inflammation of the colon, resulting in offensive diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever - which can lead to Toxic Mega Colon

(from c.diff)

51
Q

What does SIGHT stand for if you see diarrhoea?

A 
Suspect a case is infective until can rule out otherwise
Isolation - within 2 hours
Gloves and Aprons
Hand washing
Test stool for toxin - to check
52
Q

What do you need to do to your hands if you have come into contact with c.diff spores?

A

Wash with SOAP AND WATER

53
Q

How do we treat c.diff? 3 steps - mild to severe

A

Mild - not necessary
Bit worse - oral metranidazole
Severe - oral vancomycin

54
Q

Many gram positive bacteria are members of the normal…….

A

Flora

55
Q

What is it essential to prevent to prevent c.diff infection spread?

A

Spore contamination

56
Q

Antibiotics, isolation, environmental disinfection and hand hygiene are resulting in a year on year decrease in what?

A

C.diff

Microbiology (8 decks)

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