Gram negative bacteria

Question 1

What two antigens does Negative bacteria have on its cell surface? They help with immune evasion

Answer 1

K-antigen (capsule)

O- antigen (Outer membrane LPS)

Question 2

The H antigen is also called a …. and this is rotating helical filament

Answer 2

Flagella

Question 3

I am a gram negative diplococci, grown in chocolate agar and C02, I have symptoms such as photophobic, fever, malaise, stiffness, headaches. What am I

Answer 3

Neisseria Meningococcus

Question 4

What are the serotyping groups are there on Neisseria Meningitidis which are there vaccines for?

Answer 4

A,B, C, Y, W135
Vaccines: A, C, Y, W135.
B has been developed, called 4CMenB vaccine

Question 5

How do you diagnose N. Meningitidis

Answer 5

PMNL in CSF - do lumbar puncture
Chocolate agar with CO2
Sugar fermentation tests: maltose and glucose positive
Kovac’s oxidase test: purple

Question 6

Treatment of Neiserria Meningitidis

Answer 6

Penicillin, Cefotaxime

Eradicative treatment: Rifampicin or Ciprofloxacin

Question 7

Neiserria Gonorrhoeae causes

And can causes

Answer 7

STI's, genitial and oral infection
Neonatal transfer: eye infection
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease
Acute Urethritis 
Can cause Reactive arthritis, endocarditis, fever

Question 8

What are the virulence factors of N. Gonorrhoea

Answer 8

Opa surface protein
Antigenic variation via subunit pilus
Liposaccharide -Sialyation
Por proteins
Surface pilus for adhesion

Question 9

Treatment for N. gonorrhoea

Answer 9

Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin

Increases your chance of getting HIV

Question 10

What does Haemophilus influenzae cause
1) Non invasive
2) Invasive
Complications

Answer 10

NI: Ottis media, sinusitis
Septicaemia, Meningitis, pneumonia
epiglottitis, bacteraemia, cellulitis
10-15% of survivors end up disabled

Question 11

Pathogenesis of H. Influenzae

Answer 11

-6capsular types (a-f) some strains non capsulate (commensals) - capsules major virulence factor is avoidance of C3b binding
-Fmbriae
IgA protease

Question 12

Epidemiology of H.influenzae

Answer 12

meningitis is common in winter months
Serious systemic disease in children worldwide
300,000 deaths ww

Question 13

Is there a vaccine for Haemophilius influenza?

Answer 13

Yes, HiB vaccine given at 2,3,4 months

Question 14

How to diagnose H. Influenza?

Answer 14

Chocolate agar ith C02 and growth factors X + V (10 & 5)

Sputum, throat swabs and blood culture
Meningitis- PCR/ antigen detection

Question 15

What factor/s does H. Ducreyi need for growth

Answer 15

Factor X only

Question 16

Treatment for h. influenzae

Answer 16

Cefotaxime
Non invasive: amoxicillin
For contacts: Rifampicin

Question 17

What caused the plaque

Answer 17

Yersinia plaque

Question 18

What are the virulence factors of Yersinia plaque?

Answer 18

Gram negative so LPS
Contains three large virulence plasmids
Treated with Streptomycin and Tetracycline

Question 19

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram?
anaerobic or aerobic?
Smells and looks like?

Answer 19

gram negative motile rod, strictly aerobic

green spreading shape and grapey smell

Question 20

Pseudomonas aeruginosa likes a what environment

Answer 20

cause of infections after burns
Likes the moist, warm environment
Many extracellular proteases breakdown tissues, which can lead to septicaemia
Major killer of cystic fibrosis patients

Question 21

ESKAPE are the …

Answer 21

Most antibiotics resistant pathogens with highest risk in clinical and hospital situations

Question 22

Give examples of ESKAPE

Answer 22

pseudomonas
Enterobacter
Acinetobacer
Klebsiella pneumoniae 
^ gram positive (most worry in hospitals)
Staph aureus
Entercococcus Faecium