Gram-negative cocci

Question 1

Gram-negative cocci in pairs (some slightly elongated)

Causes upper respiratory tract infections, especially including otitis media and sinusitis in children (3rd most common cause)

Causes bronchitis or pneumonia in children and adults (in the top 3-4 of causes)

Answer 1

Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 2

3rd most common cause of otitis media/sinusitis

Answer 2

Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 3

Endotoxins

Resistance to complement

beta lactamase

Answer 3

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 4

2 cause of meningitis

Answer 4

N. meningitis

Question 5

1 cause of meningitis

Answer 5

S. pneumoniae

Question 6

2 cause of meningitis, can cause secondary tissue necrosis (i.e., invasive)

Gram negative cocci in pairs

Answer 6

Neisseria meningitis

Question 7

1 meningitis in school-age childeren and college students

epidemics in schools/day cares

Answer 7

Neisseria meningitis

Question 8

Virulence factors:

Polysaccharide capsule (antiphagocytic)

Pili (attachment)

Porin proteins

Endotoxin

IgA protease

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Answer 8

Neisseria meningitis

Question 9

Gram negative cocci (pairs)

Gonorrhea

Pharyngitis

Rectal Infection

Answer 9

Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 10

Beta lactamase

Pili

Porin proteins

Endotoxin

Answer 10

Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 11

Requires enriched media

Beta lactamase test needed

Answer 11

Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 12

Small, atypical gram negative

Obliagte intracellular parasite

Answer 12

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 13

infectious form; metabolically inactive; moderately resistant to harsh environment

(form of Chlamydia)

Answer 13

Elementary bodies

convert in RB

Question 14

noninfectious; metabolically active

form of Chlamydia

Answer 14

Reticulate Bodies (RB)

Question 15

Lipopolysaccharide

Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) - important structural component of cell wall

Answer 15

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 16

Chlamydia reproduction?

Answer 16

EB enters host cell

EB converts to RB (inclusions)

RB replicates and produces EB

Question 17

non-gonococcal urethritis

Answer 17

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 18

(a) Incubation 7-14 days
(b) Urethritis in male – may lead to epididymitis and infertility
(c) Cervicitis in female, usually asymptomatic – Often leads to salpingitis and infertility or acute pelvic inflammatory disease
(d) Often acquired concurrently with gonorrhea and persists after gonorrhea has been successfully treated

Answer 18

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 19

Inclusion conjunctivitis disease – a leading cause of blindness

Answer 19

Trachoma

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 20

involvement of inguinal lymph nodes.. what STI?

Answer 20

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Question 21

Agent of pneumonias, bronchitis, sinusitis – usually asymptomatic or mild with persistent cough

Probable agent of atherosclerosis – inflammation of endothelium of blood vessels which then leads to plaque buildup

Answer 21

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Question 22

Atypical bacterium – no cell wall, small, poorly staining

Etiological agent of “primary atypical pneumonia” (walking pneumonia)

Answer 22

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 23

Symptoms (after 1-3 weeks incubation): headache, malaise, cough (often paroxysmal), and less often chest discomfort

Sputum production may be scant; infiltration of lungs may be more extensive than clinical findings suggest

Pneumonia may progress from one lobe to another and may be bilateral (“walking pneumonia”)

Duration of illness: often more than a month

Epidemiology – occurs primarily in school age children and young adults, especially military (up to 50/1,000/year)

Answer 23

“primary atypical pneumonia” (walking pneumonia)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 24

“Atypical” bacteria – small, coccobacilli, obligate intracellular parasites

Various species cause spotted fever or typhus

Answer 24

Rickettsia and Orientia species

Question 25

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -- Tick -- Spotted Fever

Answer 25

Rickettsia Rickettsi

Question 26

Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever - louse) Murine typhus (flea) Scrub typhus (mite)

Answer 26

R. Rickettsii R. typhus O. tsutsugamushi

Question 27

Transmitted by tick, mite, body louse, flea (species specific) Clinical manifestations: abrupt onset (usually), fever (2-3 weeks), headache, severe deep muscle pain, and rash (no eschar from primary pathogens) (location not at site of entry)

Answer 27

Rickettsia and Orientia species | various types of Typhus

Question 28

"Atypical" bacteria -- small, coccobacilli, gram-negative but does not stain well Obligate intracellular parasites with multi-stage developmental lifecycle Biological threat agent Etiologic Agent of Q Fever

Answer 28

Coxiella burnetti

Question 29

Symptoms – high fever, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, cough, and involves multiple organs Highly infectious/communicable via body fluids and aerosol to other animals and humans Disease of numerous animals, especially sheep, goats, cattle

Answer 29

Q Fever Coxiella burnetti

Question 30

Acid-fast bacilli -- large amounts of mycolic acids and lipids in cell wall impairs staining with aqueous stains

Answer 30

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related mycobacteria

Question 31

world’s leading infectious disease

Answer 31

TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 32

Highly communicable via aerosols or dust particles Prevalent in AIDS patients, crowded populations (e.g. prisons), and street people

Answer 32

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 33

Bacteria are contained within tubercles Mild and often asymptomatic (flu-like symptoms possible) Spontaneous healing -- calcified tubercles -- occurs in about 75% to 90% of the cases

Answer 33

Primary tuberculosis

Question 34

No true medical disease, just potential presence of live bacteria within tubercules No clinical symptoms No shedding of bacteria

Answer 34

Latent phase

Question 35

The centers of the tubercles become necrotic and advance to form acellular masses of cheesy debris -- caseous material. Ghon complex -- combination of tubercles in the lung and caseation in lymph nodes clinical disease

Answer 35

Secondary tuberculosis

Question 36

Rapid failure of Cell Mediated Immunity may lead to disseminated miliary ___. (lesions resembles grains of millet (bird seed))

Answer 36

TB

Question 37

(1) Commonly recovered from AIDS patients (2) May cause chronic pulmonary lesions and lymphadenitis (3) Highly resistant to many of the traditional antituberculosis drugs

Answer 37

M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAI)(MAC) MOTT

Question 38

Mycobacteria other than ____ are collectively referred to as MOTT

Answer 38

M. tuberculosis

Question 39

Gram-positive bacillus, aerobic, non-sporeforming (NSF) Grows at refrigerator temperature Source: soil, forage, animal feces

Answer 39

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 40

Food poisoning (esp. cold cuts, unpasteurized cheeses); tolerates & grows in cold temperatures (e.g. refrigerated foods) Intracellular pathogen Miscarrage, stillbirth, neonatal infection Encephalomeningitis

Answer 40

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 41

Gram-positive bacillus, aerobic, non-sporeforming (NSF), pleomorphic Etiologic agent of : Diphtheria

Answer 41

Corynebacterium diphtheriae