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Sketchy Micro > Gram Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacillus Anthracis ID
Gram —–
—- shaped
presence of —–
obligate ——–
Encapsulated made up of ——
—– forming bacteria

A
  • Gram positive
  • bacilli shaped (rod)
  • presence of black Eschar
  • obligate aerobe
  • Encapsulated made out of Protein (polyD glutamate)
  • spore forming bacteria
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2
Q

what are the bacillus anthracis toxin

A
  • Edema factor (EF)
  • Lethal factor (LF)
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3
Q

Edema factor (EF)

A
  • causes edema that prevents phagocytosis, increases cAMP
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4
Q

Lethal factor (LF)

A
  • cleaves MAP kinase.
  • Responsible for tissue necrosis
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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis causes —– disease

A

Pulmonary anthrax (wool sorters disease)

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6
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary anthrax

A
  • Dry cough
  • pulmonary hemorrhage
  • widened mediastinum on Xray
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7
Q

Treatment for pulmonary anthrax

A
  • Primary treatment- Fluoroquinolones
  • secondary treatment- Doxycycline
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8
Q

Bacillus cereus ID
Gram —–
—– shaped
—– forming bacteria
obligate ——-

A

Gram positive
bacilli shaped
spore forming bacteria
obligate aerobe

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9
Q

Bacillus cereus is associated with

A

food poisoning when someone comes in with vomiting and diarrhea after eating reheated fried rice

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10
Q

Clostridium tetani ID
Gram ——
—– shaped
obligate ——-
—– forming bacteria

A

Gram positive
bacilli shaped
obligate anaerobes
spore forming bacteria

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11
Q

Spores from clostridium tetani are found in

A
  • soil and rusty nails
  • ideally in puncture wounds closed off to air
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12
Q

what is the clostridium tetani toxin that causes the symptoms

A

Tetanospasmin

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13
Q

Tetanospasmin trends ——- through the motor axons to the spinal cord

A

Retrograde

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14
Q

Tetanospasmin

A
  • acts as a protease cleaving SNARE proteins
  • cleavage of SNARE inhibits GABA and Glycine
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15
Q

—— senses if there is overactivity in the motor neurons. When they sense overactivity or tetanus, they fire inhibitory motor neuron

A

Renshaw cells

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16
Q

Symptoms of clostridium tetani

A
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Risus sardonicius (lockjaw)
  • Opisthothonus (exaggerated arching of back)
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17
Q

Treatment for clostridium tetani

A

Toxoid vaccine

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18
Q

Clostridium Botulinum ID
Gram ——
—– forming bacteria
obligate ——

A
  • Gram positive
  • spore forming bacteria
  • obligate anaerobe
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19
Q

Clostridium botulinum is often transmited by

A

Improper canning of food

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20
Q

Symptoms of clostridium botulinum

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (affects PNS, not CNS, descending paralysis)
  • Eye symptoms such as diplopia and ptosis
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21
Q

Botulinum toxin targets

A
  • neurons that releases Ach
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22
Q

Botulinum toxin cleaves

A

SNARE protein

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of botulinum toxin in babies

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (called floppy baby syndrome)
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24
Q

Where do babies get the botulinum toxin?

A
  • honey (the spores are in honey)
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25
Clostridium perfingens ID Gram ------ ----- forming bacteria obligate -------
Gram positive spore forming bacteria obligate anaerobe
26
Clostridium perfingens is directly associated with
- motorcycle accidents - deep penetrating wounds from military combat
27
Diseases caused by clostridium perfingens
- Gas gangrene - Food poisoning
28
Gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfingens
- organism produces gas in tissue - the mechanism behind the necrosis involves an alpha-toxin called lethicinase - lethicinase causes red cell hemolysis
29
Food poisoning caused by clostridium perfingens
- the diarrhea is late (slow) - Transient
30
Treatment for clostridium perfingens
IV Penicillin G
31
Clostridium difficile ID Gram ----- ----- shaped obligate ------ ---- forming bacteria
- gram positive - bacilli shaped - obligate anaerobe - spore forming bacteria
32
Clostridium difficile is part of the normal flora of the ------
Gut
33
Transmission of C.difficile
- fecal oral route - nosocomial (hospital acquired) infection
34
How do you prevent C.difficile
- wash hands thoroughly - gown and glove contact precaution
35
What factors are required for development of C.diff
- presence of toxigenic C.diff - recent antibiotic use like (clindamycin, FQ, penicillin like ampicillin, broad spectrum like certain cephalosporins) - PPIs
36
what are the toxins of C.diff
- Toxin A - Toxin B
37
Toxins of pseudomembrane causes
- Pseudomembranous collitis - watery diarrhea - can cause toxic megacolon
38
Testing for C.diff
- NAAT - EIA - Glutamate dehydrogenase
39
Treatment of C.diff
- oral vancomycin - Oral fidaxomicin - IV metronidazole + Oral vancomycin if severe - If abx fails, use fecal microbiota implant
40
Cornybacterium diphtheriae ID Gram ----- ---- shaped ----- granules
Gram positive club shaped (Y or V formation) Metochromic granules
41
Exotoxins of Cornybacterium diphtheriae?
- A and B - A is the active subunit - B is the binding subunit
42
In cornybacterium diphtheriae, toxins inhibits -------- to inhibit protein synthesis
Elongation factor 2 (EF2)
43
In cornybacterium diphtheriae, toxins act by ------
Ribosylation
44
Cornybacterium diphtheriae infection is transmitted by -----
Respiratory droplets
45
Corynbacterium diphtheriae can cause -------, this could be severe enough to cause the thickening of the neck called ------
- lymphadenopathy - bulls neck
46
Infections caused by cornybacterium diphtheriae
- life threatening myocarditis. This presents with arrhythmia and heart block -local paralysis that generally begin in the posterior pharynx and can lead to other cranial nerve deficits - Cardiotoxic effects are myocarditis, arhythmias and heartblock
47
DDX of cornybacterium diphtheriae
- good clinical history and examination - definitive diagnosis requires culturing or toxin assay on tellurite agar or loeffler's medium
48
How can we differentiate between toxic and non-toxic strains of diphtheriae
Elek's test
49
Patients of diptheriae are often
Immigrants because they are not vaccinated
50
diphtheriae vaccine
- toxoid vaccin
51
diptheriae treatment
- passive immunization - administering anti-toxoid
52
Listeria monocytogenes ID Gram ----- ---- shaped ----- hemolytic ----- intracellular Catalase -----
- gram positive - bacilli shaped - beta hemolytic - facultative intracellular - Catalase positive
53
when listeria monocytogenes is outside the cell (motility outside the cell)
- gram positive - bacillus
54
When listeria monocytogenes is inside the cell
"Acting rocket" intracellular movement
55
Listeria monocytogenes can survive in ------- temperatures
freezing cold
56
Listeria monocytogenes can contaminate food even though they are ------
Refrigerated
57
Listeria monocytogenes is most likely in
Pregnant women
58
Listeria monocytogenes infection early in pregnancy can lead to
Termination
59
Listeria monocytogenes infection later in pregnancy can lead to
infection of the baby
60
INfections of listeria monocytogenes
- 3rd most common cause of meningiits in new borns after GBS and E.coli - causes meningitis in adults over 60
61
Treatment of meningitis in adults
Vancomycin + ceftriaxone
62
Treatment of meningitis in adults to cover listeria too
Vanco+ ceftriaxone + Ampicillin
63
what is the treatment for listeria
Ampicillin

Sketchy Micro (5 decks)

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