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english int. 2 > Grammaire/ syntaxique élément > Flashcards

Grammaire/ syntaxique élément Flashcards

1
Q

When we use simple aspect is because:

A

Complete action/ action starting et finishing/ important when using number

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2
Q

When we use progressif/continuous aspect is because:

A

Focus: duration of the action/ between star and finish of an action, never permanent
EX: She is probably sleeping right now. (For her sleep have start but not finish)
- Live, work, play, earn: temporary action
- Short action : Dont use in continuous aspect

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3
Q

Les Stative verb - seen permanent/ do not change?

A
  • Verb of perception: See, look, feel, taste, seem, recognize…
  • Verbs of emotion: want, prefer, love, hate, hope, forgive…
  • Thinking verbs: Know, think, believe, remember, consider…
    -other: Owe, own, deserve, cost, contain, intend…
    NOT USE WITH CONTINUOUS ASPECT
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4
Q

Simple present ?

A
  • Express habit, usual activities, general statement or fact
  • I/You/we/They Write/ don’t write/
  • He/she/it Writes/ doesn’t write
    Question: (Why) do I/You/we/They write letters?
    (When) Does He/she/it write letters?
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5
Q

Present continuous?

A

-Express an activity that is in progress (is happening) right now. The event began in the past, is in progress now and will probably continue in the future
- I Am writing… / I am not writing…
- He/she/it is writing… / isn’t writing…
-You/ we/ they are writing/ aren’t writing…
Question: -(Why) am I writing…
-(When) are you/we/ther writing…
-(where) is he/she/it writing…

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6
Q

Time indicator present?

A
  • Adv of frequency: Always, never, sometimes, frequently, occasionally, etc.
  • Others: From time to time, on Saturdays, Three time a week, etc
  • Anything that indicate the future: Next … day, in … day/months, etc.
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7
Q

Time indicator present continuous?

A
  • (right) now, currently, presently, more and more, less and less, these days, etc.
  • Anything that indicate the future: Next … day, in … day/months, etc.
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8
Q

Past simple VS Past progressif/continuous

A

Past simple: The interruption (that time)
Past progressif/continuous : thing in progress and possibility of stop (interruption) and this action continues after the stop
EX: Dan was typing (P.P) when a banana hit (past) him in the head.

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9
Q

Simple past?

A

-I/you/he/we/they wrote (irr. veb= check dictionnary) if regular ad -ed
-I/you/he/we/they did not/ didn’t write…
Question:
(why) did I/you/he/we/they write…

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10
Q

Past continuous/progressive

A

-I/he/she was writing… / Was not, wasn’t writing
-you/we/they were writing… /were not, weren’t writing
Question:
(Why) was I/he/she writing…?
(When) were you/we/they writing…?

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11
Q

Time indicator past ?

A
  • Anything that indicates the past: _ days/months, etc
  • When, all of a sudden, etc.
  • Anything that indicate frequency (adv): always, sometimes, never, seldom, etc, / time to time, on saturdays, etc.
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12
Q

Time indicator past continuous/progressive?

A
  • While, as, during, etc.

- Anything that indicate the past: Last_, On _ (a date or day), etc.

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13
Q

Time clause?

Main clause?

A
  • Introduce by after, before, until, as soon as, while, when…/ commence la phrase, on mets un virgule.
  • Sujet, verb, object.
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14
Q

Used to+ base verb?

A
  • Past habit, past routine are not true anymore.
  • I used to play…
  • I didn’t used/use to play…
  • I never used to… (other negative form)
  • Did you used (use) to go…?
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15
Q

For?
While?
During?

A
  • Express duration or how long something have happen
  • While + verb form
  • With a noun to express when something happen
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16
Q

Possessive noun?

A

An apostrophe ‘ and a -s are used with noun to show possession.

  • Singular: Noun+’+ s = Student’s
  • Plural : Noun+ -s + ‘ = Students’
  • Irregular: Noun+ ‘ + -s = men’s / children’s
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17
Q

Règle for Irregular plural noun

A
  1. -f or -fe become -ves = Calf -> calves
    Exception: Beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, cuffs, roofs
  2. -O takes -S or -ES : auto-> autos (look in the dictionnary)
  3. Noun do not change : Deer-> deer
  4. Some noun always plural : scissors, pyjama, etc.
  5. some borrowed from other language : Bacterium -> bacteria
    LOOK IN THE DICTIONARY
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18
Q

Règle for irregular plurial (to memorized)

A 
Die : dice
Fireman: Firemen
Foot : Feet
Goose : geese
Man: men
Mouse : mice
Tooth: teeth
Woman: Women
Child : Children
Ox : Oxen
Person : people
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19
Q

Countable noun

A
  • Noun you can count, become plural

- You can draw count noun/ borders of count noun are defined

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20
Q

Non-count noum /Uncountable

A

-Noun cannot count/ don’t become plural
-Cannot visualise the border of non-count noun, cannot draw the border.
Longman dictionary : « U»

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21
Q

Question to ask about count and non-count noum

A 
1. Noun : countable or uncountable
Count noun
2. If the noun singular : a ,an, one, each, every, etc.
3. If the noun is plural
Regular
- Add -s
-Add -es after x, zz, ch, sh, s
-After consonant, change y to i and add es : Baby= babies
Irregular
- Memorized (dans un autre flashcard)
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22
Q

Quantifier for count noun

A

A few / few/ a couple of/ many/ a/ an/ Several

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23
Q

Quantifier for non-count noun

A

A little/ little/ a great deal of / a piece of/ a bit of / Much (never plural)

24
Q

Quantifier for count noun and non count noun

A

A lot of/ lot of/ plenty of / zero article (nothing) / some/ the /enough/ a lack of / most of the

25
A | An
- Begin with consonance (b-c-d-f-...) / | - Begin with a vowel (a-e-i-o-u-y)
26
Subject pronouns
-Need a verb, follow verb -I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they EX: He will go. (He do the action)
27
Object pronouns
-Can be direct, indirect object or object of proposition -Come after verb and preposition - Me/ you/ him/ her/ it/ us/ you/ them EX: Max saw her.
28
Possessive adjectives
-Accompany noun/ before the noun - My/ Your/ his/ her/ its/ our/ your / their EX: That's our name.
29
Possessive pronouns
- Remplace possessive adj + noun / can't put a noun after/ avoid repetition - Mine/ yours/ his/ hers/Not used/ ours/ yours/ theirs EX: The car is yours.
30
Reflexive pronouns
- Subjet -> object are the same - (by) + ref. pronoun= alone - Myself / yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves EX: I saw myself in a mirror.
31
Preposition : IN
General / large Time: Part of the day, mounts, season, year, centuries Place : Inside = box, room, yard / geographic location
32
Preposition: On
More specific than In Time: Days of the week, date, Holliday (On time, on the weekend) Place: Something on top on the table, floor, etc. /
33
preposition: At
Specific/ smaller Time: Use with specific time (sunrise, midnight)/ With age (specific) Place: Building (Eiffel Towers)/ Event/ place, adresse
34
Preposition : By
Time: No later than (deadline) - by 10pm Place: Near (close to) or beside (a coté de) - by the uni
35
Preposition : From
Beginning a time or a place (origin) | EX: Meeting will run from 10 to 11
36
Preposition : To
Time : End of event- Meeting will run form 10 to 11 | Place: Movement from pl.a to pl.b (final destination), end of movement.
37
List of preposition
About / against/ around/ before/ beside (e)/ between/ despite/ for/ into/ like/ near/ of/ off/ out / since/ toward/ until/ within/ without , etc.
38
Preposition combinaison
Afraid, scared of/ angry of/ with so but about so/ depend on/ different from/ happy about so/ interested in/ listen to/ look at/ sad about/ similar to/ used to + verb/ wait for
39
Adverb frequency positive
Always/ almost alwyas/ usually/ often/ frequently/ generally/ sometimes/ (de usually doit être en début ou fin de phrase)
40
Adverb frequency negative (pas utiliser avec neg. phrase)
Seldom/ rarely/ hardly ever/ almost ever/ not ever/ never / occasionally
41
Adverb frequency always/ usually
- She doesn't always eat ... (suit neg. ver ou neg. verb être) - Do you always eat... (Après sujet) - Ann usually doesn't eat... (avant négation)
42
Subordinating conjunction (Sconj)
After/ because/ before/ when/ while/ since/ until/ so although/ though/ even though/ whereas/ if/ unless/ only if/ even if, etc.
43
Coordinating conjounction (Cconj)
``` F: for A: and N : nor B: but O: or Y: yet S: so ```
44
C. Adv
Accordingly/ again/ also/ finally/ futhermore/ however/ then/ therefore- joint idea, no comma but ; /. / sinon erreur
45
Common sentence problem
1. Run on sentence (RO) : sentence lack adequate punctuation or have too few or to many 2. Comma-splices (CO): two independant clause only connect by a comma, utiliser ; ou une virgule + conj. 3. Sentence fragments (FRAG): Part of sentence, incomplete sentence 4. Doubled subjects (DS): acceptable to have two different subject but not the same on twice.
46
Connecting words/ expression
On one hand, on the other hand/ Fist of all, first/ Secondly, second/ Consequently/ futhermore, in addition/ so, then/ indeed/ regardless/ whereas/ basically/ To conclude, finally
47
How to write an argumentive paragraphe?
Titre Indent _ Topic sentence Supp. detail 1 (reason, arg)- First Illustration 1 with 2 sentences- For instance Illutration 2 with 2 sentences-In addition Supp. detail 2 (reason, arg 2)- Second Illustration 1 with 2 sentences- On one hand Illustration 2 with 2 sentences- On the other hand Closing sentence (répète les deux supp. detail)- In conclusion
48
1. Four différent ways to express future
1. Present simple: Sentence that concern events that are on a definite schedule or timetable. Contain future word like be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, return. EVENT NOT DETERMINED BY US EX: John starts works next week.
49
2.Four différent ways to express future
2. Present continuous: Sentence that concern a definite plans or intentions. Contain future time indicator or th future is understood from the context. - Similar to Be going to but just a bit more fixed. EX: They can't play tennis with you tomorrow because they are working.
50
3. Four différent ways to express future
3. Be going to+ verb - When the speaker already has an plan or intention. Talk about something already decided. EX: We are going to redo our house this year. - When the speaker is making prediction, either based on present evidence (event) or not. (base your prediction on something in front of you (see, near, etc) EX: The sky is very gray. It's going to rain. (based on what I se)
51
4. Four différent ways to express future
Will: - When the speaker makes a promise, vow. STRONG EX: I promise that I will take out the garbage. - When the speaker is making a prediction (not based on present evidence; just his/her opinion/ intuition) EX: Tomorrow will be hot and sunny (more formal) Tomorrow is going to be hot and sunny. (less formal) - when the speaker decides to do something spontaneous, with no previous plan (unplanned actions)/ no thought before. EX: Hold on! I'll get a pen. DON'T OVER USE WILL / BUT IN A COMPOSITION USE WILL
52
True Modal
Can-could-may-might-must-should-will and would - Are auxiliary verb -are not conjugated / are invariable -are followed by the base form of another verb *They could study* -Do not take additionnal auxiliary verb Are not followed by to
53
Semi-modals
Be going to- have/has (got) to- had to- ought to- used to and would rather - consist of two or more words, one usually being to - Often have the same meaning as true modal ( I Ought to = I should) - Are sometimes conjugated (I am going to call/ He has to call/ We have to call) - Are followed by the base form of another verb (Last night, we had to eat (base form)
54
Relative adj pronom
``` Who -> person Which -> thing That -> Thing/ person Whose -> Possession between two nouns Relative adj clause= describe noun + start with who, which, that, whose, whom ```
55
Modal and true modal
``` Ability: Can et could Possibility : May, might, maybe Permission: May, can possibility: Could Polite question: May I, Could I, Can I, Would you, Could you, Will you, Can you Advise: Should, Ought to, Had better Necessity : Have to, Have got to, Must Lack of necessity : Do not have to Prohibition: Must Not Suggestion: Let's and Why don't Preference : prefer, Like...better, Would rather ```

english int. 2 (5 decks)

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