Grammar

Question 1

(Noun) が欲しい

Answer 1

I want (noun)

Notes:
• To express the state of one’s desire
• Volition case
• This construction is only used with nouns
• Particle が comes before

Question 2

~を(verb-ます form)たい

Answer 2

I want to ~ (verb)

Notes:
• To express the state of one’s desire
• Volition case
• This construction is only used with verbs
• Particle を comes before

Question 3

placeへ(verb ますform)に行きます／来ます／帰ります

Answer 3

Go to (place) to do (verb)

Question 4

placeへ(noun)に行きます／来ます／帰ります

Answer 4

Go to (place) to do (noun)

Notes:

・For the construction (noun-します), only the noun is used.
Example - 買い物します becomes 買い物

Question 5

どこか

Answer 5

Anywhere/somewhere

Notes:
・To express the location
・Particle へ comes before

Question 6

何か
(なにか)

Answer 6

Anything/ something

Notes:
・To express the location
・Particle を comes before

Question 7

て-form verbs

Group 1

買います (かいます)
待ちます (まちます)
座ります (すわります)

Answer 7

い、ち、り→って

買って
待って
座って

Question 8

て-form verbs

Group 1

飲みます (のみます)
呼びます (よびます)
死にます (しにます)

Answer 8

み、び、に→んで

飲んで
呼んで
死んで

Question 9

て-form verbs

Group 1

聞きます(ききます)

Exception →　行きます (いきます)

Answer 9

き→いて

聞いて

Exception →　行って

Question 10

て-form verbs

Group 1

泳ぎます(およぎます)

Answer 10

ぎ→いで

泳いで

Question 11

て-form verbs

Group 1

消します(けします)

Answer 11

し→して

消して

Question 12

て-form verbs

Group 2　

食べます(たべます)

Answer 12

Add て

食べて

Question 13

て-form verbs

Group 3　

勉強します(べんきょうします)
来ます(きます)

Answer 13

Add て

勉強して
来て

Question 14

verb て-form をください

Answer 14

Please do~

Note:

・Not a very polite way of asking someone to do something
・Often used together with the expression すみません

Question 15

verb て-form います

Answer 15

verb-ing

Note:
• progressive tense
• to show a state/ occupation/ habitual action over a long period of time

Question 16

verb ます-form ましょうか？

Answer 16

Shall I ~?

Notes:
・Speaker is offering to do something for the listener

Question 17

noun が verb

雨が降っている

Answer 17

Notes:
・Describing phenomenon by what is felt through the 5 senses
・Telling someone objectively about an event

Question 18

verb て-form もいいですか？

verb て-form もいい?

Answer 18

May I do ~?

Notes:
• Seeking permission to do something

Question 19

verb て-form はいけません

verb て-form はいけない

Answer 19

You must not do ~

Notes:
• Prohibition
• Hierarchy is that someone of higher authority can use this but not vice-versa

Question 20

noun に verb

Answer 20

Notes:
• Target particle
• Used with the verbs - 入ります、乗ります、登ります、つきます、座ります

Question 21

verb て-form, verb て-form

Answer 21

Notes:
• Joining 2 or more sentences together
•The actions joined together take place one after the other in the order mentioned

Question 22

い-adj くて、い-adj くて

な-adjで、な-adjで

Nounで、nounで

Answer 22

Notes:
• ~くて is used to link い-adjectives
• ~で is used to link な-adjectives and nouns

Question 23

Verb1 て-form から、verb2

Answer 23

Notes:
• Verb2 expresses something done after verb 1

Question 24

Noun1 は noun2 が adjective

Answer 24

Sentence pattern indicates that the topic noun1 has characteristics indicated in “noun2 が adjective”

Example
京都はお茶が多いです

Question 25

Noun を verb

Answer 25

Verbs like でます and おります are used together with the particle を, which indicates a starting point Example 電車を降ります

Question 26

どやって

Answer 26

When asking the way or how to do something

Question 27

どれ/どの noun

Answer 27

Used when asking someone to specify one item out of a list of 3 or more. Notes: • Interrogative/ used in question-like sentences

Question 28

ない-form Group 1

Answer 28

い becomes あ ち becomes た り becomes ら み becomes ま び becomes ば に becomes な き becomes か ぎ becomes が し becomes さ

Question 29

ない-form Group 2 食べます (たべます)

Answer 29

Add ない 食べない

Question 30

ない-form Group 3 します

Answer 30

Add ない しない

Question 31

Verb ない-form ないでください

Answer 31

Please do not~ Notes: • Tell someone not to do something • Can also be used to show consideration. E.g. 心配しないでください (please do not worry)

Question 32

Verb ない-form なければなりません

Answer 32

Must do Notes: • Say something must be done

Question 33

Verb ない-form もいいです

Answer 33

Need not do Notes: • Saying it is not necessary to do something

Question 34

Time までに verb

Answer 34

Indicates a time by which an event will end or an action must be completed Notes: • まで indicates an end point of a continuous action Example: • 来週まで versus 来週までに > 1st implies studying everyday > 2nd implies not every day

Question 35

辞書 (じしょ) form Group 1

Answer 35

い becomes う ち becomes つ り becomes る み becomes む び becomes ぶ に becomes ぬ き becomes く ぎ becomes ぐ し becomes す

Question 36

辞書 (じしょ) form Group 2

Answer 36

る is added to the ます form 食べますー> 食べる

Question 37

辞書 (じしょ) form Group 3

Answer 37

します becomes する 来ます becomes くる

Question 38

Noun ができます Verb 辞書-form ことができます

Answer 38

Can do Notes: • noun indicating motion like driving (e.g. 運転ができる means i can drive) • noun representing ability like japanese or piano (e.g. ピアノができる means i can play piano) • こと is added to a verb to make it a noun phrase. こと is a nominaliser.

Question 39

趣味は noun です 趣味は verb 辞書-form ことです

Answer 39

My hobby/interest is ~

Question 40

Verb1 辞書-form 前に、 verb2 Nounの 前に、 verb2 Quantifier (time period) 前に、 verb2

Answer 40

Before verb 2, ~ Notes: 1) verb 2 occurs before verb 1 2) のis always added after the noun

Question 41

た-form verbs Group 1 買います (かいます) 待ちます (まちます) 座ります (すわります)

Answer 41

い、ち、り→た 買った 待った 座った

Question 42

た-form verbs Group 1 飲みます (のみます) 呼びます (よびます) 死にます (しにます)

Answer 42

み、び、に→んだ 飲んだ 呼んだ 死んだ

Question 43

た-form verbs Group 1 聞きます(ききます) Exception →　行きます (いきます)

Answer 43

き→いた 聞いた Exception →　行った

Question 44

た-form verbs Group 1 泳ぎます(およぎます)

Answer 44

ぎ→いだ 泳いだ

Question 45

た-form verbs Group 1 消します(けします)

Answer 45

し→した 消した

Question 46

た-form verbs Group 2　 食べます(たべます)

Answer 46

Add た 食べた

Question 47

た-form verbs Group 3　 勉強します(べんきょうします) 来ます(きます)

Answer 47

Add た 勉強した 来た

Question 48

なかなか

Answer 48

Not easily/ not as expected Notes: • Followed by a negative expression

Question 49

ぜひ

Answer 49

By all means/ definitely/ certainly Notes: •To intensify their expression of hope

Question 50

Verb た-form ことがあります

Answer 50

Have experience of verb-ing Notes: • What happened in the past as a particular experience

Question 51

Verb 1 た-formり、verb2 た-formり します

Answer 51

Verb1, verb2 etc Notes: • Citing 2 or more actions/verbs • Actions/verbs are not necessarily performed in succession (one after another) • Tense is indicated at the end of the sentence • します implies repeated actions • しました implies actions related to that particular occurence

Question 52

い-adj くなります

Answer 52

なります means become For い-adj, the final い is dropped and replaced with く. Such as 若くなりすまし (わかくなります)

Question 53

な-adj になります Noun になります

Answer 53

なります means become For な-adj, な is dropped. きれいな becomes きれいになります

Question 54

けど

Answer 54

But Notes: • Works the same way as が • More conversational

Question 55

Plain form/辞書-form と思います

Answer 55

I think that Notes: • Particle と is always added before 思います • plain form is the same as 辞書-form • Can be used for the following: - stating an opinion - expressing conjecture

Question 56

subjectについてどう思いますか

Answer 56

Used to ask someone about their opinion

Question 57

そう思います

Answer 57

I agree/think so Notes: • Used to express agreement with someone else’s opinion

Question 58

"Sentences"と言います

Answer 58

Reporting speech directly. Quote on quote/verbatim of what was said by someone else or yourself. Notes: ・ Tense quoted in the sentence is not affected by the tense of the main sentence

Question 59

辞書 - formと言います

Answer 59

Reporting speech indirectly. Notes: ・Tense quoted in the sentence is not affected by the tense of the main sentence

Question 60

誰に「sentence」と言います

Answer 60

に indicates the person spoken to

Question 61

Verb/ い- adj/ な-adj/ noun でしょう？

Answer 61

Used to seek agreement or confirmation from the listener Notes: ・辞書-form/ plain form ・だ is dropped for the noun

Question 62

Place 1 で noun があります

Answer 62

To take place/ to be held/ to occur Notes: ・Noun refers to a ceremony or event (e.g. party, concert, diaster)

Question 63

Occasionで

Answer 63

で　marks an occasion at which an action takes place Example 会議（かいぎ）で何か意見（いけん）を言いましたか？

Question 64

Noun でも verb

Answer 64

Used when recommending, suggesting, or expressing a hope for something Example ちょっとビール でも 飲みませんか？

Question 65

Verb ない-formないと

Answer 65

Must do Notes: ・いけません is omitted from the grammatical phrase ないといけません ・ないといけませんの意味はなければなりませんと一緒

Question 66

Noun modification clause

Answer 66

Adjectives, nouns,verbs currently modify a noun as such: 優しい人 きれいな人 19歳の人 京都住んで人 Verbs can also be nominalised to modify nouns by using the plain form of the verb and attaching it before the noun/ noun phrase being modified The subject of the modifying clause is marked with が カリナさんはこの絵を描いた。好きです。→　カリナさんがかいた絵が好きです。

Question 67

辞書-form 時間／約束／用事

Answer 67

Used to talk about time required for doing something or describing an appointment/errand

Question 68

Verb ます-formましょうか？

Answer 68

Shall we...? Notes: ・Suggesting to listener the speaker and listener do something together ・Offering to do something for the listener

Question 69

Verb 辞書-form/ verb ない-form/ い-adj/ な-adj/ nounの + とき

Answer 69

• とき is used to connect 2 sentences together while expressing a time or occasion when the clause after とき clause occured/exists • Tense of the clause modifying とき does NOT affect tense of main sentence/clause

Question 70

Verb 辞書-form + とき followed by main clause

Answer 70

• What is described in main clause occurs BEFORE the とき clause • 会社員へ行くとき、朝ごはんを食べます => I will eat breakfast before going to office

Question 71

Verb た-form + とき followed by main clause

Answer 71

• What is described in main clause occurs AFTER the とき clause • 会社員へ行たとき、朝ごはんを食べます => I will go to office, then I will eat breakfast

Question 72

Verb 辞書-form + と followed by main clause

Answer 72

• If a certain action/ situation/ phenomenon occurs, the subsequent action/situation/ phenomenon will inevitably occur • ボタンを押すと、ドアを開けます。 => When you press the button, the door will open.

Question 73

Noun が adjective

Answer 73

• が used when describing how a phenomenon is being perceived • が can be used with verb sentences and adjectives Example 声が小さい

Question 74

Noun を verb

Answer 74

• を is comes always together with a motion verb • 散歩します、渡ります(わたります)、歩きます

Question 75

くれます

Answer 75

・ Use when a 3rd person is giving something to the speaker . ・ The 3rd person becomes the focus of the conversation. 友達はわたしにプレセントをくれます。

Question 76

Verb て-form + あげます

Answer 76

・ Person doing the action is the subject ・Action confers some kind of benefit on the recipient. However if recipient is a higher status, should use ましょうか ・私は友達に本を貸してあげま。=> I lent my friend a book.

Question 77

Verb て-form + もらいます

Answer 77

・ Speaker feels that the subject (not the speaker) has received some benefit from the action performed by the subject. ・友達に図書館の電話番号を教えてもらいます。=> My friend told me the telephone number of the library

Question 78

Verb て-form + くれます

Answer 78

・ Person performing the action is the subject. ・私を大阪城（じょう）へ連（つ）れて行ってくれます。=> He takes me to osaka castle

Question 79

Noun 1 は noun 2 が verb

Answer 79

・When the verb is くれます, the pattern is used to denote what item by who is given to the speaker. ・このケーキはミラーさんがくれました。=> i received this cake from Mr Mila.

Question 80

た-form verbs Group 1 買います (かいます) 待ちます (まちます) 座ります (すわります)

Answer 80

い、ち、り→たら 買ったら 待ったら 座ったら

Question 81

た-form verbs Group 1 飲みます (のみます) 呼びます (よびます) 死にます (しにます)

Answer 81

み、び、に→だら 飲んだら 呼んだら 死んだら

Question 82

た-form verbs Group 1 聞きます(ききます) Exception →　行きます (いきます)

Answer 82

き→いたら 聞いたら Exception →　行ったら

Question 83

た-form verbs Group 1 泳ぎます(およぎます)

Answer 83

ぎ→いだら 泳いだら

Question 84

た-form verbs Group 1 消します(けします)

Answer 84

し→したら 消したら

Question 85

い- adjective conditional form

Answer 85

・あつい→あつ + かった + ら ・いい→良 + かった + ら

Question 86

な-adjective conditional form

Answer 86

・簡単（かんたん)→簡単 + だった + ら

Question 87

noun conditional form

Answer 87

・雨（あめ)→雨 + だった + ら

Question 88

Plain past form-ら、 ～(main clause)

Answer 88

・If... ・Conditional form ・the clause that follows described what will happen if the conditional clause were true. ・the clause that follows the conditional is used to express the speaker's opinion, wishes, invitations, requests. ・お金があったら、旅行します。=> If i had some money, I'd go travelling. ・やすかったら、パソコンを買いたいです。=> I'd like to buy a PC if i can find a cheap one.

Question 89

verb た-form ら、～(main clause)

Answer 89

・When/After/Once... ・Express that a certain action will be done or a certain situation will arise on the completion or occurrence of a matter, action or state that the speaker is certain will happen. ・家へ帰ったら、すぐシャワーをあびます。=> I take a shower as soon as i get home.

Question 90

Verb て-form　+　も　、～(main clause) Verb ない-form なくて　+　も　～(main clause) い-adjective (～い）→　～くて　+　も　～(main clause) な-adjective [な]→　～で　+　も　～(main clause) Noun で　+　も　～(main clause)

Answer 90

・Even if... ・Present contrasting conditions. The clause that follows て-form も (the main clause) describes something that will happen that would not normally be expected to happen if what was stated in the main clause were true. ・日曜日でも、働きます。=> I'm going to work, even if it's Sunday.

Question 91

もし

Answer 91

・Used in conjunction with ～たら to give notice that the clause following it is conditional. ・もし時間があったら、旅行します。=> If i have time, i'd go travelling.

Question 92

Subject of a subordinate clause

Answer 92

・The subject of a subordinate clause containing ～てから or ～ても is also marked by が. ・友達が約束の時間に来なかったら、どうしますか。=> What will you do if your friends don't arrive at the agreed time?

Question 93

verb plain form　+　んです い-adjective plain form　+　んです な-adjective plain form　+　んです noun -な　＋　んです

Answer 93

・～んです is used to explain causes, reasons, grounds ・used in spoken while のです used in written.

Question 94

～んですか

Answer 94

The expression is used for the following: 1) Speaker guesses the reason or cause as to what was seen or heard then confirms whether the speaker is correct 2) Speaker asks for information about what was seen or heard. 3) Speaker asks the listener to explain the reason or cause of what was seen or heard. 4) Asking for an explanation of a situation.

Question 95

～んです

Answer 95

The expression is used as a response to a question for the following: 1) explain the reason or cause as an answer to speaker's question. 2) expansion of an answer. For example Q：毎朝新聞を読みますか。 A：いいえ。時間がなんです。

Question 96

～んですが、～

Answer 96

・Used to introduce a topic, followed by a request, invitation or an expression seeking permission. ・NHKを見学（けんがく）したいんですが、どうしたらいいですか？ => I want t tour NHK. How can I do that?

Question 97

Verb て-form いただけませんか

Answer 97

・Would you please do me the favour of ～ing? ・Request expression that is politer than ～てください

Question 98

Interrogative (who, when, what, which, how, where) 　＋　verb て-form　＋　ら　＋　いいですか

Answer 98

・～たらいいですか？ ・細（こま）かいお金がないんですが、どうしたらいいですか。=> I don't have any small change. What shall i do?

Question 99

Noun(object)は～

Answer 99

・Objects indicated by が can also be highlighted by は

Question 100

Potential form verbs (え-line) Group 1 買います (かいます) 待ちます (まちます) 座ります (すわります)

Answer 100

い、ち、り→え、て、れ 買えます 待てます 座れます

Question 101

Potential form verbs (え-line) Group 1 飲みます (のみます) 呼びます (よびます) 死にます (しにます)

Answer 101

み、び、に→め、べ、ね 飲めます 呼べます 死ねます

Question 102

Potential form verbs (え-line) Group 1 聞きます(ききます) 行きます (いきます)

Answer 102

き→け 聞けます 行けます

Question 103

Potential form verbs (え-line) Group 1 泳ぎます(およぎます)

Answer 103

ぎ→げ 泳げます

Question 104

Potential form verbs (え-line) Group 1 消します(けします)

Answer 104

し→せ 消せます

Question 105

Potential form verbs (ます-form but drop ます　＋　られ) Group 2　 食べます(たべます) 調べんす(しらべます) 降ります(おります) Exception →わかる

Answer 105

食べ＋られ＋ます／る→食べられます／食べられる 調べられま／調べられる 降りられま／降りられる Exception →わかる, does not change to わかれる

Question 106

Potential form verbs Group 3　 勉強します(べんきょうします) 来ます(きます) します

Answer 106

勉強できます 来（こ）られる できます