Grammar Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Three types of sentences:
A
- Name + Stative verb
- Name + verb + name
- Name + non-verb
2
Q
- List a few adverbs.
- Do they come before or after the verb?
- what’s special about hen?
- what if in a type 1 sentence hen appears and also another adverb?
- A type 1 sentence that has no hen in it, what can we conclude about the sentence?
- What is the difference between dou bu and bu dou
- 不, 都, 很, 也 - which of the four will always come first?
A
- 不, 都, 很, 也
- before
- In type 1 sentences - it’s just there to add a syllable
- In this case hen has its original meaning in the sentence
- we can conclude that the sentence describes negation or comparison
- 不都 - not all
- 都不 - all are not
- 也
3
Q
- What is the location of finites?
A
- Comes at the end of the sentence
4
Q
- Does 是 is used to describe an object or to define an object?
A
- To define objects
5
Q
- What are auxillary words?
- What is the difference between 要 and 会?
A
- verbs which precedes another verb.
- 要 - showing will.
- 会 - showing capability
6
Q
- Difference between 知道 and 会
A
- 知道 - showing knowledge.
- 会 - showing capability(requires experience/training)
7
Q
- 的 is used in two cases, what are they?
- when does it come in the sentence?
- What about geographic names?
- what is the special case?
A
- When we want to describe ownership
- Owner + de + object
-
here we should careful:
- zhonguo pengyou != zhonguo de pengyou
- Chinese friends != friends of China
2. When we describe an object by a stative verb. This has two cases:
-
Case 1: the stative verb has one syllable and we speak in contrast to other objects:
- The good books - hao de shu
-
case 2: the stative verb has 2+ syllables or it’s preceded by an adverb
- not good books - bu hao de shu
- Special case: there is no object after de*
- In this case we should understand either by context, or it is the object which appeared at the first part of the sentence.
8
Q
- when 别 appears before a verb, which part-of-speech it holds, and what is it used for?
- when is 别 located in the sentence?
A
-
When bie appears before a verb, it functions as an adverb and is used to negate the command, like the English word – “don’t!”. it can also be done using bu yao”
- Bie shuo hua
- Bu yao wen ta zhe ge wenti
-
Location:
- At the head of the sentence
9
Q
- when 别 appears before a noun, which part-of-speech it holds, and what is it used for?
- which word is added to bie?
- where is 别 located in the sentence?
A
- When bie appears before a noun, it functions as the word “other”. NOTE: we must add de – object + bie de + object
- Bie de gongren ye dou xiang he cha.
- All the other workers, they are also interested to drink tea
-
Location
- Functions as the “ownership” of the object.
10
Q
- When does 一点儿 appear in the sentence?
A
- Before an object
- Who has a bit of sugar?
- Shei you yi dianr tang?
11
Q
- When does 有 一点儿 appear in the sentence?
A
-
Before a stative verb
- zhe ben shu you yi dianr gui
- This book is a bit expensive
12
Q
- When 在 is the only verb in the sentence, what does it mean?
- When there is an additional verb, what does it mean?
- Where is it located in the sentence?
A
If there is no other verb in the sentence:
- zai** means **to be(**in some place**)
- Mama bu zai jia
There is an additional verb in the sentence
- zai means in
- Ta zai daxue xuexi Hanyu
Location
- zai + “place” and gei + “someone” come right before the main verb
13
Q
- When 给 is the only verb in the sentence, what does it mean?
- When there is an additional verb, what does it mean?
- Where is it located in the sentence?
A
If there is no other verb in the sentence:
- gei means to give
- Laoshi gei wo yi ben shu
If there is other verb in the sentence
- gei means to
Location
zai + “place” and gei + “someone” come right before the main verb
14
Q
- What is 也 used for?
- What are 和 and ‘,’ used for?
- If we have a sequence of names, what must come after?
A
When There are two same part-of-speech in a sentence and these two appear one besides the other
- we need to think of a relation of addition between them
- 也 is used to connect between phrases and verbs
- 和 and “,” are used to connect between names and nick-names
- we should add dou after a sequence of names.
- ta shuo Hanyu, ye hen xihuan shuo Riyu
- Moshui, bi zhi dou bu gui
15
Q
- 吗 can be replaced by..?
- And it is allowed only if..?
- And what if hui or yao appear?
A
verb + bu + verb
- Allowed only if bu is the only adverb in the formula
- When hui or yao appear, it goes hui/yao bu + verb + hui/yao
16
Q
- What does 是不是 mean?
A
Zhe shi zhouzi, shi bu shi?
(shi bu shi means “is it right”?)
17
Q
- What is the location in the sentence of verb+bu+verb?
A
It takes the place of the verb
18
Q
what is the location of 呢 in the sentnece?
A
At the end of sentence
19
Q
what is the location of 什么 and 哪?
A
zhe shi shenmne shu?
- location: the place of the answer*
- zhe shi Hanyu shu*
20
Q
- why do you study chinese?
- why don’t you drink coffee?
- what is the location of 为什么?
A
Ni Weishenme xue zhongwen?
Tamen Weishenme bu he kafei?
location:
comes after the name and before the specific thing we ask about.
21
Q
- When 几 is used?
- what must come after 几?
- what’s its location in the sentence when used as “several”?
- what’s its location in the sentence when used as “how much”?
A
- Used only for numbers which are not greater than 10
- Must** be followed with a count word – **ji + count-word + noun
- 几 + measure word + noun
- 桌子 上 有 几 本 书
- Subj. + Verb + 几 + Measure Word + Noun
22
Q
- Describe 还是 usage
- In sentence type 1, if a stative verb appears in an “or” sentence, what rule we have about 很?
A
- Function:
- Like the English word “or”, but as a quesion word.
- Grammar rule:
- If a stative verb appears in an “or” sentence, we must not use the symbol 很 before the stative verb
- Zhe ba yizi gui haishi na ba yizi gui?
- If a stative verb appears in an “or” sentence, we must not use the symbol 很 before the stative verb
23
Q
What is the location in a sentence of 谁?
A
-
It depends on the sentence:
-
If it is used to ask about identity, and there is no verb then:
- Subject + shi + shei
-
If there is a verb:
- Shei + verb
-
If it is used to ask about identity, and there is no verb then:
24
Q
- 多少, when can we use it and not use 几 ?
- does it need a measure word?
A
- with uncountable objects
- When you ask about a great amount
- No
25
* *which words must be followed with a measure word?*
* *Words that require the formula:*
* 两
* 没
* 那
* 几
* 哪
* 这
26
*what is the differnece between* 没*and* 都*?*
when should we add 都 after 没?
没*- "each\every"*
* when mei appears in a sentence with more than just the formula **dou** is added afterwards.
都 *- "all", or when you want to make a statement about a **couple** of things*
* shuozi **dou** hen da
* Lie laoshi, Xie laoshi **dou** hen xihuan jiao shu
27
*Nick names - when to use the measurement formula?*
* when 这 or 那 appear with 是– meaning that the sentence is of the form **X = Y** we **don’t use the count formula**
* 那是桌子
* we use it **only** when it **describes** the object
* what is expensive? **this big table**
* 这张桌很贵
28
## Footnote
*_what is the best method for numbers?_*
divide into groups of four:
* qian bai shi + ge
* qian bai shi + wan
* qian bai shi + yi
29
Location:
describer before described
or
described before describer
**_describer before described_**
30
## Footnote
*_what is a name?_*
*_what in the sentence is considered a name?_*
**_a name is some object_**
*everything the comes **before** the object is also considered a part of the name*
31
*what is the order of parts of speech when we construct a name?*
*_These seven young children_*
*_Those three chinese_*
1. *Names/Body-names/Nick-names*
2. *Number + count word*
3. *Stative verb/ Noun*
* This whole unit is considered as the **name***
* 这七个小孩子
* 那三个中国人
32
*_The big table_*
*_The table is big_*
* ***Stative verb** which comes **before** an **object**:*
* *You describe an object by its property:*
* 大桌子
* ***Stative verb** which comes **after** an **object**:*
* You attribute some property to the object. You don’t describe the object but give your opinion about it.
* 这张桌很大
33
*_This book costs ten cents_*
这本书十美分
34
*what are the symbols that ususally come in pairs?*
* 再 & 先
* 因为 & 所以
35
What is the functionality of an object which appears at the beginning of the sentence?
*_the books, the pens and the ink he doesn't sell_*
1. *The object is the main part we are talking about*
2. *It is said **in-contrast** to the **other** option*
*_Shu, bi, moshui ta dou bu mai_*
*(it is said in contrast to other things he sell)*
36
*please say first*
*_Qing ni xian shuo ba_*
37
_*what is the difference between **jian** and **kan**?*_
***jian -** to see. We don't have intention to capture something with our eyes.*
***kan -** to look. We do have intention to capture something using our eyes.*
38
问题 vs 问
* 问题 *– a question*
* 问 *– to ask*
39
学习 vs 学
* 学习*– when we say “studies” or when a **sentence** or a **phrase** ends with “to study.*
* 学 - to study
40
说话 vs 说
* *When “to speak” comes at the end of the sentence – use* 说话 *instead of* 说
41
* Chinese eat using sticks*
* he can write symbols using paintbrush*
he uses a chinese paintbrush
who’s not using a pen?
* Zhonggue ren yong kuàizi chifan*
* ta hui yong maobi xie hanzi*
ta yong zhongguo maobi
Shei bu yong qianbi
42
*In a sentence, where is the word which describes the place located?*
*A specification of a place **always** comes **before** the verb*
43
which part-of-speech colors hold?
*what unique about colors?*
***stative verbs***
*even though they are stative verbs, they only appear in sentences type 2(equality sentences)*
44
* My old brother’s car is red.*
* These two cups are white*
* The books are blue*
* Gege de che shi hong (yanse) de.*
* Zhe liang ge beizi shi bai (se) de.*
* Shu shi lan (yanse) de.*
45
*what are the formal coin units in china?*
*Formal coin units in china: kuai,mao and fen*
46
* 10.05
* 8.3
* 32.09
* 10.05 – shi kuai ling liu mao
* 8.3 – ba kuai san
* 32.09 – san shi er kuai ling jiu fen
*_Note:_*
Last coin **unit** is expressed when one or more digits in the number is zero.
47
* which words represent **motion**?*
* what do they mean?*
* *lai – to come*
* *When the motion is towards the **speaker***
* *qu - to go*
* *When the motion is from the **speaker** to somewhere* else
48
*what is strucutre for motion sentences we learned in class?*
_he comes to Israel to study_
*name + lai/qu + target + verb*
***ta lai Yiselie xuexi***
49
*what is the idea behind multiplied verb?*
*_look briefly in the map of China_*
*the verb becomes shorter, less strict, less formal and lighter then when not multiplied.*
**_Qing ni kan kan zhonggue ditu_**
50
*_2:35(time)_*
***liang dian san shi wu fen zhong***
*_When speaking “zhong” is neglected._*
51
*Time expression:*
* *when it comes before a **noun***
* *when the sentence **lacks a verb***
* *when it comes before a **verb***
* *when it comes at the **beginning***
* *when a reference word is involved(gei, dui, gen,zai), it comes before it or after it?*
1. **before a noun**
* it describes the noun
* time + de + noun
2. **lacks a verb**
* The time expressions function as the part which the verb operates on.
3. **before a verb**
* describe the time of the verb
* name + time + .. + verb
4. **at the head**
* the sentence describes what we are doing/did/will do at a **specific time**
5. **reference word is involved.**
* before it.
52
They’re going to watch the movie of seven ‘oclock(**before a noun**)
what time is it?(**lacks a verb**)
We **study chinese** today.(**before a verb**)
**now ,**they are eating
**(first symbol)**
He’s about to buy today at the book store two dictionaries
**(before a verb)**
* Tamen xiang kan qi dian de dianying*
* Xianzai ji dian?*
* Women Jintian xuexi zhongyu*
* Xianzai tamen chi fan*
* Ta xiang Jintian zai shudian mai liang ben cidian*
53
Do you have time tonight?
Tonight I am busy
* Ni Jintian wanshang you kongr ma?*
* Jintian wanshang wo you shir.*
54
What is the use of 些
* *These men*
* *These chairs*
* *These paintings*
些 *can convert any specific measure word*
* *zhe xie ren*
* *na xie yizi*
* *zhe xie hua*
55
What is the functionality of 位?
* These four physicists*
* Two Japanese friends*
* relates to human beings
* causes the phrase to be polite
* zhe si wei daifu*
* liang wei riben pengyou*
56
*what is weird about the counting of days in china?*
*it starts from monday*
57
*what is the structure of:*
* *days*
* *month*
* *year*
* *days - xingqi + 1-6. sunday end with ri or tian*
* *month - [1,12] + yue*
* *year - 4 digits followed by nian*
58
* first day of the month*
* third in October*
* yi hao/ yi ri*
* shiyue san ri*
59
1978 (year)
*Yi jiu qi ba niam*
60
*21 dec, 1998*
*Yi jiu jiu ba nian shi eryue ershiyi hao*
61
does xingqi(week) and yue(month) require a measure word before them?
*Yes. the measure word **ge***
62
*does Tian(day) and nian(year) require a measure word before them?*
*No. They themselves act as a measure word*
63
* Three-four days*
* Fifteen years*
* twenty weeks*
* fifteen months*
* san si tian*
* shiwu nian*
* ershi ge xingqi*
* shiwu ge yue*
64
* previous week.*
* this week.*
* next week*
* previous month*
* this month*
* next week*
* shang ge xingqi*
* Zhe ge xingqi*
* Xia ge xingqi*
* Shang ge yue*
* Zhe ge yue*
* Xia ge yue*
65
* Tomorrow's 28th(of the month)*
* Now it’s three*
*_when the subject is **time-notation** it is type 3_*
* Míngtiān ershiba hao*
* Xianzai san dian*
66
*these are last year’s magazine*
* *Time expression to describe a noun*
* *time expression + de + noun*
*Zhe shi qu nian de zazhi*
67
* what is the formula for counting numbers?*
* The first man – di yi ge ren*
* The fifth lesson – di wu ke*
* The twenty five year – di ershiwu nian*
***_di + number + measure word + noun_***
* di yi ge ren*
* The fifth lesson – di wu ke*
* The twenty five year – di ershiwu nian*
68
* At the first time, the doctor just wanted to ask you a few questions*
* What was the year last time he came to Israel?*
* di yi ci daifu zhi xiang wen ni ji ge wenti*
* ta shang ci lai Yiselie shi na nian?*
69
*That’s the second time I’m eating chinese food*
***_zhe shi wo di er ci chi zhonggue fan_***
*In sentences that has the meaning “that’s the X time Y is doing some action, “zhe shi” comes at the head of the sentence or after denoting the executer.*
70
* when **de** is neccessary except for ownership?*
* The guest who come*
* The books he buys*
* The time in which we eat*
* When the noun is described either by a verb or a whole sentence*
* Lai de keren*
* Ta mai de shu*
* Chi fan de shihou*
71
*_Describe the functionality of sentences which end with **de shihou**_*
* When I was little, often I didn’t want to eat*
* when speaking*
* when sleeping*
* In most cases they describe the time of the action. **_Therefore they come before the verb._***
* wo xiao de shihou changchang bu xiang chi fan*
* Shui jiao de shihou*
* Shuo hua de shihou*
72
*when **gei** is necessary?*
***_It is neccessary before the phrases_***
* *Da dianhua – to call*
* *Xie xin – to write a letter*
* *Jieshoa – to make a meeting between two people*
73
*what are the reference words?*
*gui, dui and gen*
74
* The teacher is good to us*
* He told me: …*
* What did Mrs Tien tell you?*
*_dui means “towards”, “in relation to”_*
*_x + dui + y + shuo = x told y_*
Laoshi dui women hen hao
Ta dui wo shuo
* Tien furen dui ni shuo Shenme ne?
75
*he informed me about the literature class today*
*_ta gaosu wo Jintian you wenxue ke_*
*Some words don’t require a reference word:*
* *Gaosu ta (to report/inform/tell him)*
* *wen ta (to ask him)*
* *huida ta (to answer him)*
76
* Come with me*
* ll speak with you English, okay?*
* Ni gen wo lai*
* I’ll speak with you English, okay?*
* Wo gen ni shuoYingyu, hao ma?*
77
* We study chinese from three teachers.*
* Who borrowed from you that painted interesting paper?*
* “gen” is a reference word means "with" with two exceptions:*
* 1. For the verbs "to borrow" "to teach"*
* it also has the meaning of **"from"***
* 2. With the formula **gen+complement+yiki/yikuair** it has the meaning of "**together with"**, which means doing some operation together.*
78
* Let us go to eat together!*
* I don’t listen to music today together with my little brother*
_*yiqi(or yikuair) means **together***_
_gen + yiqi(or yikuair) means **together with**_
*我们一起去吃饭吧*
Wo Jintian bu gen didi yiqi ting yinyue
79
* Templates of total negation*
* which types do we have?*
* wha't their relation with the verb*
* Related to countable names*
* Related to uncountable names*
***in both the negated name comes before the verb***
80
* uncountable names:*
* what is the struct of "not at all"?*
He doesn’t know chinese at all
Little Zhang does not intend to learn Hebrew at all
*_yidianr + noun + ye/dou + negation + verb_*
* Ta yidianr Hanyu ye bu hui shuo*
* Xiao zhang yidianr xibolaiyu dou bu xiang xue*
81
*_countable names:_*
* He has no books*
* He says he doesn't have now even a penny*
*_yi + measure + noun + ye/dou + negation + verb_*
* Ta yi ben shu ye mei you*
* Ta shuo ta Jintian yi fen qian ye mei you*
82
*which part-of-speech **location words** hold?*
*nouns*
83
*_location words are divided into four groups_*
*_Words which denote location_*
*_Geographic names_*
*_Names or nicknames which in their essence don’t denote location(like zhuozi - table), but when one of the words below join them – they can denote a location._*
*_One of the following words:_*
* *Zhèr, Zhèli*
* *Nar, Nali*
* *Dongbian*
* *Nanbian*
* *Xibian*
* *Beibian*
* *Zuobian*
* *Youbian*
* *Pangbian*
* *Zhongjian*
84
The books are located in the library
* He works in Israel*
* The school is on the right*
* Shu zai tushuguan*
* Ta zai Yiselie gongzuo*
* Renmen zai litou*
85
* x1 + bian(r)/tou/mian = on top*
* x2 + bian(r)/tou/mian = at the bottom*
* x3 + bian(r)/tou/mian = inside*
* x4 + bian(r)/tou/mian = outside*
* x5 + bian(r)/tou/mian = infront*
* x6 + bian(r)/tou/mian = at the back*
* x1 = shang*
* x2 = xia*
* x3 = li*
* x4 = wai*
* x5 = qian*
* x6 = hou*
“on top” can be shorten to shang
li is not necessary
86
*_describe: grammar behavior location words_*
It is very clean here
The books above
Above the book
* Location words behave just like names.*
* They take the place of names in sentence type 1 & 2.*
* They can appear by their own, describe other names and have names describing them. By the order:*
* zhèr hen ganjing*
* shangbian de shu*
* zhuozi shang*
87
what are the three templates which express location?
He is at the library
The library has books
*at the side – it’s a bed. (And not..)*
1. *name + zai + location word*
* 他在图书馆
2. *location word + you + name*
* 图书馆有书
3. *location + shi + name*
* 旁边有一张床
88
*What's the relation between "zai" and words which describe position or location at some place, like zhu(“to live”), zuo(“to sit”), sheng(“to be born”)*
I live in Jerusalem
Let’s sit here!
***after** such words “zai” tends to appear after(!) the verb*
* Wo zhu zai Yelusaleng*
* Women zuo zai zhèr ba!*
89
* 在 behaves differently when one of the following verbs appear:
* 生
* 坐
* 住
* Usually 在 appears with its complement(location), before the verb. With these words it appears after
90
* where are nar and nali appear in a sentence?*
* Where is he?*
* He’s home*
* what is an additional usage for nali?*
* this words appear at the place deserved for a location word.*
* Ta zai nar?*
* Ta zai jia*
* nali is also used as a polite response to a complement*
91
* Where **known** names and **uknown** names appear in the sentence?*
* The books are here(searched for books)*
* Here there are books(didn't search for books - unknown)*
* The known names in the sentence appears before the verb, and the unknown after the verb*
* shu zai zher*
* zher you shu*
92
* what is the template for two actions that occur simultaneously by the **same executer**?*
* He’s eating and reading newspaper at the same time*
* My little sister is listening to music and drinking tea simultaneously.*
*_yibian + verb + yibian + verb_*
* Ta yibian chi fan yibian kan bao*
* Meimei yibian ting yinyue yibian he cha*
93
* Structure for the number of times the action occurs*
* They come three times each year*
* The teacher teaches us once a day*
* verb + number + measure word(which means "times")*
* Tamen mei nian lai san ci*
* Laoshi yi tian jiao yi ci*
94
_*Structure for* making the verb more formal, easy, less strict_
* I’ll use it a little*
* I’ll make an informal meeting with you*
* come for a second!*
* action verb + yi xia(r)*
* Wo yong yi xia*
* wo gei nimen jieshao yi xia*
* Ni lai yi xia ba!*
