日本語 Grammar

Question 1

… 〜て は いけません

Answer 1

you may / must not …

Question 2

… は よろしいですか？

Answer 2

would you like …? / may i …?

Question 3

… を 召し上がって

Answer 3

… を めしあがって
… o meshi agatte
(please help yourself to …)

Question 4

How to add んだ？

Answer 4

Nouns and NA-adj: + な + んだ

Otherwise: + んだ

Question 5

when someone does something ‘sadly’

Answer 5

悲しそうに

they SEEM sad, you don’t know how they actually feel

Question 6

I-adj:

• past tense
• negation
• past negation

Answer 6

past: 〜い　→　〜かった (katta)
negation: 〜い　→　〜くない (kunai)
past negation: 〜い　→　〜くなかった (ku-nakatta)

+です to make formal

Question 7

NA-adj (& nouns)

• past tense
• negation
• past negation

Answer 7

past: 〜な　→　〜だった (datta) / 〜でした (deshita)
negation: 〜な　→　〜じゃない (janai) / 〜ではありません (dewa-arimasen)

past negation: 〜な　→　〜じゃなかった (ja-nakatta) / ではありませんでした (dewa-arimasen-deshita)

Question 8

ます in PAST NEGATION form?

Answer 8

ませんでした

Question 9

How to add ね after I-adj vs. NA-adj/nouns

Answer 9

I-adj: +ね

NA-adj/nouns: +だね

Question 10

Converting to MASU form?

Answer 10

• iru/eru: 〜る → 〜ます

- Other endings: 〜U → 〜I + ます

Question 11

Converting to TE form?

• IRU/ERU
• U / TSU / other-RU
• KU
• GU
• MU / BU / NU
• SURU / SU

Answer 11

• IRU/ERU: 〜る becomes 〜て
  (e. g. 見る → 見て)
• exception: 帰る (kaERU) becomes 帰って
• exception: 切る (kIRU) becomes 切って
• U / TSU / other-RU: Change ending to って
  (e. g. 買う → 買って)
• exception: 来る (kURU) becomes 来て
• KU: Change ending to いて
  (e. g. 書く → 書いて)
• exception: 行く becomes 行って
• GU: Change ending to いで
  (e. g. 泳ぐ → 泳いで)
• MU / BU / NU: Change ending to んで
  (e. g. 飲む → 飲んで)
• SURU / SU: Change ending to して
  (e. g. 消す → 消して)

Question 12

X は Y より Z

Answer 12

X 比 Y 更 Z

X is more Z than Y
i.e. put より after the thing that is ‘less’

Question 13

X より Y のほうが Z

Answer 13

Y is more Z than X

i.e. put より after the thing that is ‘less’

Question 14

と vs. や as AND

Answer 14

と = x AND y

や = x AND y, and etc.

Question 15

… ので

Answer 15

because of …

Question 16

you should …

Answer 16

… 〜た ほうがいい

〜た = plain v. in past tense

Question 17

have you … before?

Answer 17

… 〜た のこと が あるの (ありますか)？

〜た = plain v. in past tense

Question 18

… つもり

Answer 18

I plan to … (denotes intention)

*put plain form of verb

Question 19

… たり … たり する (or other verb)

Answer 19

used to list verbs that are examples of the things you’re referring to (i.e. not exclusively just these)

(〜た / だり = plain v. in past tense + り)

Question 20

… 〜て 欲しい ん/のですが。

Answer 20

I would like YOU to … (polite request)

Question 21

… 〜たい ん/のですが。

Answer 21

I would like to … (polite request)

Question 22

I have not … before

Answer 22

… のこと が ない (ありません)

Question 23

… Xで できている

Answer 23

… is made from X

Question 24

are you able to …?

Answer 24

… (plain v.) こと が できる (できますか)？

*or use potential form

Question 25

X (verb) ... のに、Y ...

Answer 25

Y ..., in order to X ... e.g. 食べるのに、時間がある = there is time to eat

Question 26

... 〜て みる (みます)

Answer 26

to try [to do something (in TE-form)] e.g. 読んでみる = to try to read

Question 27

X ... [する] ために、 Y ...

Answer 27

Y..., in order to X...

Question 28

あげる vs. くれる vs. もらう | vs. やる

Answer 28

あげる: I (or someone) gave someone else くれる: Someone gave ME もらう: I received (from someone 'outside') [use に to describe who DID the favor for you] やる: I gave someone of lower status (e.g. pet, child) *NOTE: need TE-form before using these!

Question 29

... 〜て いただけませんか? ... 〜て いただけますか?

Answer 29

Would you mind ...(in TE-form) for me? Could you ...(in TE-form) for me?

Question 30

... 〜なくて もいい

Answer 30

You don't have to ...(in NEG form)

Question 31

... 〜て いただき たい んですか。

Answer 31

I would like you to ...(in TE-form)

Question 32

X... の おかげで, Y...

Answer 32

Thanks to X..., Y...

Question 33

How much is...?

Answer 33

...は いくら ですか？

Question 34

A は B にとって C

Answer 34

To B, A is C.

Question 35

それから

Answer 35

and then / after that

Question 36

それとも

Answer 36

or

Question 37

Converting to potential form: - IRU/ERU - SURU - KURU - Others

Answer 37

- IRU/ERU: る → られる * Exception: 帰る → 帰れる (acts like other -u endings) * Exception: 入る → 入れる [haireru] * Exception: 切る → 切れる * Exception: 走る → 走れる [hashireru] - Others: 〜U → 〜E + る - SURU: する → できる - KURU: くる → こられる (KOrareru) (To make formal, change る to ます) *use が (instead of を) for the object that you are able to do! [more formally: ... (plain v.) こと が できる]

Question 38

Converting to negation form: - IRU/ERU - Others

Answer 38

- IRU/ERU: る → ない - Others: 〜U → 〜A + ない (Formal: ます → ません)

Question 39

... 〜た ことがない

Answer 39

I have never done ...

Question 40

...かかります / かかる

Answer 40

it takes ... [amount of time] OR it costs ...

Question 41

見られる vs. 見える

Answer 41

見られる: do you have the chance to see? 見える: is it visible?

Question 42

"死ぬか生きるか" What does 'か' mean here?

Answer 42

か = or | i.e. "life or death

Question 43

A や B

Answer 43

A and B

Question 44

ほとんど + negation

Answer 44

hardly ...

Question 45

X のような Y

Answer 45

(a/the) Y like X

Question 46

... ＋よう

Answer 46

seems / appears to be ... *can also use "...＋様子" (ようす, yousu)

Question 47

ほど vs. より

Answer 47

Both mean 'compared to'; but ほど implies that both have the quality, while より implies that one doesn't *ほど can also be "to the extent of" or "as... as"

Question 48

"... seems ..." or "... is like / similar to ..." | 5 ways

Answer 48

1. ＋みたい (な) = "is like..." 2. ＋そう (な) = "seems..." * take -I or -NA off before adding そう * *いい → よさそう [yosa sou] * *〜ない → 〜なさそう [nasa sou] OR ＋そうじゃない (to express disagreement) *change verb to -masu form ＋そう = Seems like it's/one's about to [verb] 3. ＋らしい = "is like..." similar to how it should act (or following stereotype) 4. ＋っぽい = "...-ish" in an opposite way to the way it should be 5. ＋(の) よう (な) = "is like..." [v. formal, more in writing]

Question 49

I heard... / Apparently... | 2 ways

Answer 49

1. ＋そう (formal) * DON'T take -I off before adding そう * for NA-adj, -NA becomes だ (DA)＋そう * for nouns, add だ (DA)＋そう * for verbs, use plain form! 2. ＋らしい (more common) * DON'T take -I off before adding らしい * for NA-adj, take -NA off before adding らしい

Question 50

よろしいでしょうか？

Answer 50

Is that alright?

Question 51

... に比べて

Answer 51

Compared to ...