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English Grammer Fundamentals > Grammar Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Grammar Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Adjective Order

A

Opinion
Size
Age
Shape
Color
Origin
Material
Purpose

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2
Q

Describe STATE VERBS?

A

Verbs that describe states instead of actions.
Can’t be used in continuous
Can’t be used with “would” to describe past habits
Context determines correct usage statively vs. dynamically (action)

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3
Q

List of STATE VERBS

A

P- Possession (to have, to own, to possess)
E- Emotion (to like, to love, to hate)
S- Sensing (to see, to smell)
T- Thinking (to know, to think, to believe)

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4
Q

Define comparatives vs superlatives

A

Comparatives compare 2 items / Superlatives compare 3 or more items

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5
Q

What is Comparative structure?

A

1 syllable = Adj -er + “than”
3+ syllables = “more” + Adj + “than”
2 syllables = Adj + ER with OW / Y / LE — “more” + Adj with LE / and all others

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6
Q

What is Superlative structure?

A

1 syllable = “the” + Adj-est
3+ syllables = “the” + “most” + Adj
2 syllables = “the” + Adj + EST with OW / Y / LE (some) — “most” + Adj with LE (some) / and all others

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7
Q

What are the IRREGULAR comparatives/superlatives?

A

Good - Better - Best
Bad - Worse - Worst
Far - Farther/Further - Farthest/Furthest

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8
Q

Functions of “Like”

A
  1. a verb (state) - He likes movies
  2. In requests - I would like a tea
  3. To give examples - I watch some sports, like ….
  4. a noun - He has many likes
  5. An informal filler - I, like, can’t believe it
  6. To make an informal quote - He was like “No Way!”
  7. An adverb - It is like a mile away.
  8. Comparisons or prepositions (Figuratively “Like” vs Literally “As”) - She works like a dog
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9
Q

Difference in “used to” VS “would” in PAST HABITS

A

“Used to” - STATE and ACTION verbs
“Would” - ONLY ACTION verbs

“Would” with state verbs are used to describe hypothetical situations

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10
Q

When is Passive used vs Active

A
  1. The active subject unknown
  2. The active subject is obvious
  3. The active subject is less important than the object or action
  4. To avoid overtly blaming the active subject
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11
Q

Active VS Passive STRUCTURE

A

Active = (acting) SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT (passive subject)

Passive = Passive Subject + “to be” (appropriate form) + Past Participle + (*Optional “by” + active subject)

“to be” = Simple form (simple) / Being (continuous) / Been (perfect)

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12
Q

Reported Speech Structure

A

Subject + “said” + (*Optional “that”) + various shifts

Shifts do not occur when the reporting occurs immediately

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13
Q

Reported Speech Shifts types

A
  1. Tense Shifts = whichever present tense to appropriate past tense / All past tense to past perfect
  2. Modal Shifts
  3. Pronoun Shifts
  4. “Time word” Shifts
  5. “Place word” Shifts
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14
Q

Gradable adjective VS Non-Gradable adjectives

A

Gradable can..
-Have Comparatives & Superlatives — That is the BIGGEST dog.
-Be altered in intensity using adverbs — He looks REALLY NICE.

Non-Gradable are…
-Extremes and can not be altered by comparatives, superlatives, or adverbs — That dog is GIGANTIC.
-Absolutes, 100% “on” or “off” — The TV is off.

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15
Q

Countable noun structure

A
  1. Made plural with “s”
  2. When singular can be used with indefinite article (a/an)
  3. When plural they are used with “many” and “a few” (in addition to “some” and “any”)
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16
Q

Uncountable noun structure

A
  1. Have no plural form (in normal usage)
  2. Can NOT be used with the indefinite article (a/an)
  3. When plural, are used with “much” and “a little” (in addition to “some” and “any”)

use uncountable nouns in a countable way by using “CONTAINER” nouns (a piece, a bottle, etc.)

17
Q

Types of Uncountable nouns

A
  1. Liquids
  2. Gases
  3. Solids (material, ie wood)
  4. Grain
  5. Weather
  6. Energy
  7. Abstract Concept (information, advice)
18
Q

When do you use INDEFINITE ARTICLE?

A

Can ONLY be used with singular countable nouns (“a” = noun starts with consonant / “an” = noun starts with vowel)

  1. Non-specific nouns — Give me a pen.
  2. Not-yet-identified nouns — He wants a toy.
  3. For Classification — She is a doctor.
  4. First time a noun is mentioned — There is a new bar down the street.
  5. With some numbers — There are a million reasons to move to Prague
19
Q

When do you use DEFINITE ARTICLE?

A

Can be used with singular or plural nouns, countable and uncountable. (“The” before noun)

  1. Unique nouns — The Sun is setting.
  2. Specifying things — I want the red pen.
  3. When noun known to all — The water is cold.
  4. 2nd or more time a noun is mentioned — The new bar is down the street.
  5. With superlatives — He is the tallest in the class.
  6. Oceans, rivers, seas, mountain ranges — The Atlantic Ocean
  7. Countries that contain nouns — The United States
  8. Groups of islands — The Bahamas
20
Q

When do you use ZERO ARTICLE?

A
  1. General or collective plural, or UNCOUNTABLE nouns — I need gas. / Dogs are nice.
  2. Proper names of people/places, single mountain… — Prague is great.
  3. Names of certain “general” places (not always) — I am going home.
  4. With transport using “by” — I’ll come by bus.
21
Q

What is a GERUND?

A

Verb + “ing”

Used when verbs are used as nouns — subject or object
(Can you replace with another noun?)

22
Q

What is a PRESENT PARTICIPLE?

A

Verb + “ing”

Used in continuous sentences
Used as adjectives

23
Q

What are MODAL VERBS?

A

“Helper” verbs that express the “mood” of the main verb.

Subject + Modal + bare infinitive

24
Q

What are types of MODAL VERBS?

A
  1. Ability — can
  2. Possibility — could, may, might
  3. Obligation — must (internal), have/has to (external), need to
  4. Non-Obligation — don’t have to, don’t need to / needn’t
  5. Prohibition — mustn’t
  6. Advice — should, would
  7. Permission (statement) — may, can
  8. Requests (questions) — may, can, could
  9. Offering — would
25
Q

What are RELATIVE PRONOUNS and list them.

A

Used to introduce a relative clause.

  1. People — Who
  2. Places — Where
  3. For time — When
  4. For things — Which
  5. For things and sometimes all others — That
26
Q

What are DIFINING RELATIVE clauses?

A

Adds essential information (answers “Which one?”)

Do NOT use commas.

People — “Who” or “That” / Things — “That”

Can delete if relative pronoun is OBJECT of relative clause not subject.

27
Q

What are NON-DIFINING RELATIVE clauses?

A

Adds extra, non-essential information (can be removed without losing understanding)

USE commas

People — “Who” / Things — “Which”

English Grammer Fundamentals (3 decks)

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