Grammar - Verbs Flashcards
(21 cards)
Semantics of the Indicative Mood
Meaning of the Tense-Forms, Aspect, & Time
{ Tense-form : Aspect / Time }
* Present: Imperfective / Present
* Imperfect: Imperfective / Past
* Future: None (Perfective) / Future
* Aortist: Perfective / Past
* Perfect: “A present state resulting form a prior action”
* Pluperfect: “A past state resulting from a prior action”
Semantics of the Subjunctive Mood
Meaning of the Tense-Forms & Aspect
- Present: Imperfective
- Aortist: Perfective
Semantics of Infinatives
Meaning of the Tense-Forms & Aspect
- Present: Imperfective
- Aortist: Perfective
- Perfect: “A state resulting from a prior action”
Semantics of Infinatives
Meaning of the Tense-Forms, Aspect, & Time (relative)
{ Tense-form : Aspect / Time (relative)}
* Present: Imperfective / Simultanious
* Aortist: Perfective / Antecedent
* Perfect: “A simultanious state resulting form a prior action”
The relative time in participles is frequently but not always present.
Semantics of each Greek Voice
- Active: unmarked for subject affectedness
- Middle-Passive: marked for subject affectedness
What is a Predicate Nominative
A predicate nominative is a nominative substantive
functioning as the complement to εἰμί, γίνομαι, or ὑπάρχω.
The 8 Rules of Contraction
8 rules of contraction:
1. ου < εο, οε, οο
2. ει < εε
3. ω < ο/ω + [any vowel], in either order, except the combos in rule #1
4. α < αε
5. η < εα
6. οι < οει
7. 3 Vowels (contract vowel + diphthong)
a. 1st and 2nd Vowels
i. If 1st and 2nd vowels are the same, they simplify.
ii. If 1st and 2nd vowels are different, they contract according to the regular rules.
b. 3rd Vowel
i. If the 3rd vowel is iota, it subscripts (if possible).
ii. If the 3rd vowel is upsilon, and the result of the contraction of vowels 1 and 2
ends in upsilon, they simplify.
8. Contract verbs contract as if the true personal endings are the visible forms (ω, εις, ει,
ομεν, ετε, ουσι) rather than the theoretical forms (-, ς, ι, μεν, τε, νσι).
A contract verb is one whose stem ends with α, ε, or ο
When a contract vowel is followed by a consonant (usually a tense formative that begins with a consonant), the contract vowel will (usually) lengthen.
How are Augments added to verbs?
- When the verb begins with a consonant, ἐ is added (“syllabic augment”).
- When the verb begins with a single vowel, the vowel is lengthened (“temporal augment”).
- When the verb begins with a diphthong, either the first vowel of the diphthong is lengthened or the diphthong does not change.
- When the verb is a compound verb, the augment is added to the base verbal stem (i.e., the stem without the prepositional prefix), not to the prepositional prefix. (If the preposition ends in a vowel, it may drop off or remain, but it will not contract with the augment.)
Liquid Verbs
What are they? What are the 4 consonants? What is the tense formative?
- A liquid verb is one whose stem ends in a liquid consonant.
- The 4 Liquid consonants: λ, ρ, μ, ν
- The tense formative is εσ (rather than just σ), the sigma is, thus, made intervocalic, so it drops out, and the ε contracts with the connecting vowel.
(Men Like Nice Rhinos)
Order of the Prinicple Parts
Present | Future (FA & MP1) | Aorist Active (Act. & MP1) |
Perfect Active | Perfect Passive | Aorist Passive (MP2)
PFA PPA!
Mounce’s four patterns
for present tense stem formation
Pattern 1 – These verbs undergo no changes from the root in the formation of the present tense stem.
Three groups of verbs follow this pattern:
- Roots ending in ι or υ
- Contract Verbs (i.e., roots ending in α, ε, or ο)
- Roots ending in a stop (Important: Not all roots ending in a stop follow pattern 1; some will follow pattern 4.)
Pattern 2 – Suppletion: These verbs use two or more verbal roots to form the different tense-forms.
Pattern 3 – Liquid Roots: These verbs end in λ, μ, ν, or ρ. The kinds of changes these verbs undergo are the same as those in pattern 4.
Pattern 4 – Various Standard Changes
- A final dental (in the root) may change to ζ (in the present tense stem).
- A final velar (in the root) may change to σσ (in the present tense stem).
- A final consonant (in the root) may double (in the present tense stem).
- A letter or multiple letters may be added (to the root to form the present tense stem). - Iota - (ι)σκ
- Ablaut
Verb Variations of Aorist endings
- The 1st Aorist Active 1S personal ending is nothing (rather than ν).
- The 2nd Aorist will occasionally replace the omicron connecting vowel with an alpha, especially in the 3P. (A phenomenon of the 1st aorist alpha intruding on 2nd aorist)
- In the 1st Aorist MP2, the active 3P personal ending is σαν, rather than the usual ν.
- Also, when the θη(σ) of the 1st aorist MP2 and 1st future MP2 is added to a stem ending in a vowel, a sigma will sometimes appear between the final vowel of the stem and the θη(σ) tense formative.
What happens to verb stems ending in a stop when the 1st aorist MP2 and 1st future MP2 tense formatives are added?
Think of the Square of Stops
- [labial] A final π or β followed by the θη(σ) tense formative changes to φ.
- [velar] A final κ or γ followed by the θη(σ) tense formative changes to χ.
- [dental] A final τ, δ, or θ followed by the θη(σ) tense formative changes to σ.
Refer to the Square of Stops.
How are verbs Reduplicated?
- If the verb begins with a single consonant, that single consonant will be duplicated and separated from the original initial letter with an epsilon (“consonantal reduplication”). (If the single consonant that begins the word is an aspirated stop, the duplicate letter will be the voiceless version.)
- If the verb begins with a consonant cluster, an epsilon will be added (“vocalic reduplication”).
- If the verb begins with a single vowel, the vowel will be lengthened (“vocalic reduplication”).
- If the verb begins with a diphthong, either the first vowel will lengthen or it will not change (“vocalic reduplication”).
- If the verb is a compound verb, the reduplication will happen to the base verbal stem, not the prepositional prefix.
What are the variations to the primary personal endings when applied to 1st and 2nd perfect active verbs?
- The active third singular personal ending is nothing, rather than the usual iota.
- The active third plural personal ending is (sometimes) nu, rather than the usual νσι(ν).
What happens to verb stems ending in a stop in the perfect MP1 when the personal endings are added?
Be familiar enough for parsing.
1 sg μαι:
- labial + μ > μμ | γραφ > γέγραμμαι
- velar + μ > γμ | διωκ > δεδίωγμαι
- dental + μ > σμ | πειθ > πέπεισμαι
2 sg σαι:
- labial + σ > ψ | γραφ > γέγραψαι
- velar + σ > ξ | διωκ > δεδίωξαι
- dental + σ > σ | πειθ > πέπεισαι
3 sg ται:
- labial + τ > πτ | γραφ > γέγραπται
- velar + τ > κτ | διωκ > δεδίωκται
- dental + τ > στ | πειθ > πέπεισται
1 pl μεθα:
- labial + μ > μμ | γραφ > γεγράμμεθα
- velar + μ > γμ | διωκ > δεδιώγμεθα
- dental + μ > σμ | πειθ > πεπείσμεθα
2 pl σθε:
- labial + σ > φ… | γραφ > γέγραφθε
- velar + σ > χ… | διωκ > δεδίωχθε
- dental + σ > σ | πειθ > πέπεισθε
Refer to Square of Stops
Idenitfying Participles
Identify the function: Adverbial or Adjective (Attrib./Subst./Pred.)
- Rule: Adverbial participles are never preceded by the article. Adjectival participles are usually preceded by the article.
- In practice:
- If the participle is preceded by an article, it must be adjectival.
- If the participle is not preceded by an article, it most likely is adverbial, but could be adjectival. Look at the context and try both options.
What are the variations in case endings when applied to Participles?
- With regard to the present participles (1st 2 rows), the only variation is in the active, nom, sing, masc. With this form, the case ending is [nothing] rather than the expected ς.
- With regard to the aorist participles, the only variation is in the 2nd aorist, active, nom, sing, masc. With this form, the case ending is [nothing] rather than the expected ς. (This variation follows the present pattern, which is not surprising since the 2nd aorist active is like the present active in many ways.)
- With regard to the perfect participles, the only variation is in the active, Nom and Acc, Sing, neuter. With this form, the case ending is ς rather than the expected [nothing].
Genetive Absolutes
Be able to Identify, Parse, and Diagram
- The morphology is no different than other participles; it merely has a different syntactical usage.
- The subject of the participle is not found in the main clause.
- Thus, a genitive absolute is an adverbial participle that modifies the main verb (like every adverbial participle), but whose subject does not feature in the main clause, so the participle is placed in the genitive.
- Genitive absolute participles will almost always have a noun or pronoun in the genitive within its clause that identifies the subject.
- Genitive absolute participles are almost always at the beginning of the sentence, preceding the main clause.
- At least 90% of genitive absolute participles are temporal, so you can tentatively assume, when you come to a genitive absolute, that it will be temporal, and translate it with “while” (if a present part., “after” if an aorist part.).
Periphrastic Participles
- Periphrastics in Greek refer to a single verbal idea conveyed by the combination of a form of εἰμί plus a participle.
- Here are the εἰμί plus participle combination options and the tense-form value conveyed by each:
[Tense-Form | Value Form of Εἰμί | Form of Participle]
- Present | Present | Present
- Imperfect | Imperfect | Present
- Future | Future | Present
- Perfect | Present | Perfect
- Pluperfect | Imperfect | Perfect
- Future Perfect| Future |Perfect
The 5 rules for μι verbs.
- μι verbs reduplicate their initial stem letter and separate with iota to form the present stem.
- μι verbs do not ordinarily use a connecting vowel in the present tense indicative.
- μι verbs use some distinct endings in the present active indicative. [1S -μι | 3S -σι(ν) | 3P -ασι(ν)]
- The stem vowel of μι verbs will often undergo ablaut (shorten, lengthen, or drop out).
- Most μι verbs use κα as their aorist tense formative (and their perfect tense formative).
