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Grape Varities Flashcards

1
Q

Aglianico

A

Visual: Dark Ruby, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors:
Fruit: Ripe/Roasted Black Fruit (Black Cherry, Blackberry, Black Plum), Fig, Dried Cherry
Possible Volatile Acidity
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Oak: Large Neutral Casks (modern producers may incorporate new French Oak)
Structure: Dry, Full Body, High Tannin, Elevated Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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2
Q

Barbera

A

Visual: Purple with Blue Tones, Moderate Minus to Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Tangy/Sour Cherry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Dried Cherry
Floral: Purple Flowers, Lavender
Other: Dried Herbs, Tea Leaf, Slight Bergamot Oil, Cured Meat/Prosciutto
Oak: Large Neutral Casks (modern examples may incorporate new French barrique)
Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Diminished Tannin, High Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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3
Q

Cabernet Franc

A

Visual: Dark Ruby Color, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration, Pink/Purple Rim Variation (in youth)
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Bright Red Fruit (Raspberry, Cranberry, Red Cherry, Cherry Pit), Tart Black Fruit (Black Cherry, Blackcurrant, Blackberry), Under-ripe Fruit Flavors
Possible Carbonic Maceration and/or Stem Inclusion
Floral: Violets, Lilacs, White and Red Flowers
Herbal/Green/Pyrazine: Blackcurrant Bud/Leaf, Green Bell/Serrano Pepper, Celery Seed, Grass, Sage, Tobacco
Other: Leather, Cedar, Cigar Box
Earth: High Minerality, Graphite/Pencil Lead, Gravel Dust
Oak: Neutral French Oak Barrels (some top cuvées will include new oak)
Structure: Bone Dry to Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Tannin, Elevated Acidity, Moderate Alcohol

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4
Q

Classified Growth Medoc/Graves

A

Visual: Dark Ruby/Purple Color, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Black Fruit (Blackcurrant/Cassis, Blackberry, Black Cherry), Slight Red Fruit and Plum
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal/Green: Sage, Green Bell Pepper, Mint, Tobacco, Dried Savory Herbs
Spice (Savory): Green Peppercorn, Anise, Clove, Exotic Spices
Other: Leather, Pencil Shavings, Cedar, Iodine, Medicinal, Game, Cigar Box
Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Graphite, Gravel, Iron, Damp Soil, Mushroom
Oak: Moderate Plus to High Use of New French Oak (Baking Spices, Clove, Smoke, Coffee, Vanilla, Roasted Nut, Cedar)
Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol

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5
Q

Napa Cabernet

A

Visual: Dark Purple Color, High Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruit (Blackcurrant/Cassis, Blackberry, Black Cherry), Lush Red Fruit (Sweet Cherry, Raspberry), Boysenberry/Blueberry
Possible Volatile Acidity
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal/Green (in cooler vintages): Sage, Mint, Green Bell Pepper, Tobacco, Eucalyptus
Spice (Sweet): Anise, Cocoa, Cinnamon, Clove, Allspice, Nutmeg
Other: Cedar, Pencil Shavings, Sweet Leather, Cigar Box
Earth: Low to Moderate Plus Minerality, Volcanic/Ashen, Gravel, Loamy
Oak: Moderate Plus to High Use of New French Oak (Allspice, Nutmeg, Clove, Smoke, Toast, Coffee, Vanilla, Roasted Nut, Cocoa, Cedar)
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Full Body, Elevated to High Tannin, Moderate Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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6
Q

Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon

A

Visual: Dark Ruby to Purple Color, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors:
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruit (Cassis/Blackcurrant, Blackberry, Black Cherry), Ripe/Lush Red Fruit (Red Cherry, Red Plum), Prune
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal/Green: Intense Green Character, Eucalyptus, Mint, Green Bell Pepper, Sage
Spice (Sweet): Licorice/Anise, Cocoa, Cinnamon, Clove, Allspice, Nutmeg
Other: Cedar, Pencil Shavings, Leather, Cigar Box
Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Terra Rossa/Red Soils, Loamy/Clay
Oak: Moderate to Moderate Plus Use of New French or American Oak (Baking Spices, Clove, Smoke, Coffee, Vanilla, Roasted Nut, Cedar)
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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7
Q

Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon

A

Visual: Dark Ruby/Purple Color, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruits (Blackcurrant/Cassis, Blackberry, Black Cherry), Ripe/Lush Red Fruits (Red Plum, Raspberry)
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal/Green: Green Bell Pepper/Capsicum, Green/Black Olive, Mint, Tobacco
Spice (Sweet): Anise, Cocoa, Cinnamon, Clove, Allspice, Nutmeg
Other: Cedar, Pencil Shavings, Leather, Cigar Box
Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Damp Earth, Mushroom/Compost, Iron, Graphite
Oak: Moderate Use of New French Oak (Baking Spices, Clove, Smoke, Coffee, Vanilla, Roasted Nut, Cedar)
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol

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8
Q

Carmenere

A

Visual: Dark Ruby with Purple Tones, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruit (Cassis, Blackberry, Black Plum, Black Cherry), Stewed Tomato
Floral: Violets, Purple Flowers
Green/Herbal/Pyrazine: Strong Green Notes Contrasted with Ripe Fruit, Green Bell Pepper, Celery, Camphor
Spice: Black Pepper
Other: Bitter Chocolate
Oak: Low to Moderate Use of New French/American Oak
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate Acidity, Elevated Alcohol, Bitterness

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9
Q

Corvina

A

Visual: Ruby/Dark Ruby Color, Garnet Rim Variation, Moderate Plus Concentration, High Viscosity
Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Syrupy Red Fruit (Red Cherry, Red Plum, Raspberry), Black Cherry, Blackberry, Prune, Raisin, Dried Cherry
Significant Volatile Acidity and Oxidation Likely
Possible Botrytis Aromas
Floral: Highly Floral, Roses, Dried Flowers
Spice: Licorice, Cinnamon
Other: Honey, Chocolate, Resin, Tar, Leather, Bitter Almond, Smoke, Tobacco Ash, Game
Earth: Moderate to High Minerality
Oak: Large Neutral Casks (Modern producers may incorporate new barrels)
Structure: Dry to Off-Dry (max. 12 g/l RS), Full Body, Elevated Tannin, Elevated Acidity, High Alcohol

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10
Q

Gamay

A

Visual: Bright Ruby with Purple Tones, Low to Moderate Plus (Low to Medium Minus in basic village wines, with higher concentration in some cru wines), Possible Residual Gas from Carbonic Maceration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus to High Intensity
Fruit: Tart Red Fruit (Strawberry, Red Cherry, Raspberry, Cranberry, Red Currant), Watermelon
Carbonic Maceration Notes: Pear Drop, Banana, Bubblegum, Cotton Candy, Lifted Red Fruit/Floral Aromatics
Floral: Violets, Lilacs, Peonies
Other: Slight Black Pepper, Dry Savory Herbs
Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Wet Granite, Stony, Crushed Rock
Oak: None or Neutral Casks
Structure: Dry, Moderate Minus to Moderate Body, Diminished to Moderate Tannin, Elevated Acidity, Moderate Alcohol

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11
Q

Chateauneuf-de-Pape (Grenache Dominant)

A

Visual: Ruby Color, Slight Orange Rim (even in youth), Moderate Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Cooked to Dried Red Fruits (Strawberry, Cherry, Raspberry), Roasted Red Plum, Blackberry, Raisin/Fig
Possible Volatile Acidity, Oxidation
Floral: Red Flowers, Dried Lavender
Herbal: Herbes de Provence, Garrigue/Wild Brush, Rosemary, Brewed Black Tea, Savory Herbs
Spice: Curing Spices, Black Pepper, Juniper, Clove, Licorice, Lavender
Other: Powdered Sugar, Dried Orange/Grapefruit Peel, Old Leather/Brettanomyces
Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Stony/Gravelly, Baked Earth
Oak: Large Neutral Casks (foudres) or Concrete Vats, although some modern special cuvée styles may incorporate smaller barrels and new oak
Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus to Full Body, Moderate to Elevated Tannin, Diminished to Moderate Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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12
Q

Australian Grenache

A

Visual: Ruby Color, Slight Orange Rim (even in youth), Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Cooked/Stewed Strawberry, Maraschino Cherry, Prune, Fig, Raisin, Plum Pie
Possible Volatile Acidity, Oxidation
Floral: Red Flowers
Herbal: Mint, Menthol, Eucalyptus, Black Tea Leaf, Dried Savory Herbs
Spice: Curing Spices, Black Pepper, Licorice
Other: Powdered Sugar, Possible Old Leather/Brettanomyces
Earth: Moderate Minerality, Crushed Vitamin
Oak: Neutral to Moderate Use of New French or American Oak
Structure: Dry (with a Ripe, Sappy Attack), Moderate Plus to Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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13
Q

Mendoza Malbec

A

Visual: Dark Ruby/Purple Color with Blue Tones, Moderate Plus to High Concentration, Electric Pink Rim
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus to High Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruit (Black Raspberry, Black Cherry, Blackberry), Ripe/Lush Blue Fruit (Concord Grape Jam, Blueberry, Plum), Lush Red Fruit (Raspberry Liqueur), Fig, Raisin, Prune
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Violets, Damson Flowers (floral aromatics are especially expressive in higher altitude wines)
Herbal/Green: Malbec may have slight green notes
Earth: Moderate Minus to Moderate Minerality, Clay/Mud
Oak: Low to High Use of New French and/or American Oak, Vanilla, Baking Spices, Chocolate, Cinnamon
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Full Body, Elevated Tannin, Diminished to Moderate Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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14
Q

Right Bank Bordeaux

A

Visual: Ruby Color with Garnet Tones, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Blue Fruit (Plum, Blueberry), Red Fruit (Strawberry, Raspberry, Red Cherry), Black Fruit (Blackberry, Black Cherry), Fig/Fruitcake
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal: Mint, Bay Leaf, Fern, Tobacco
Spice: Licorice/Anise, Christmas Spice
Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Clay, Mushroom/Truffle
Oak: Moderate Plus to High Use of New French Oak, Chocolate, Coffee, Cinnamon, Vanilla
Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Moderate to Elevated Tannin, Moderate Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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15
Q

Napa Merlot

A

Visual: Ruby Color with Blue Tones, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Stewed Fruit Character, Ripe/Lush Blue Fruit (Plum, Blueberry), Ripe Black Fruit (Blackcurrant), Lush Red Fruit (Red Cherry, Raspberry), Fig, Prune
Floral: Purple Flowers, Violets
Herbal: Fern, Bay Leaf, Sage
Spice: Christmas Spice, Licorice/Anise
Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality
Oak: Moderate to High Use of New French Oak or Mixed Origin Oak, Chocolate, Coffee, Mocha, Sweet Baking Spices, Vanilla
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus to Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Diminished to Moderate Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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16
Q

Mourvedre

A

Visual: Dark Ruby Color, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe Black Fruit (Blackberry, Black Raspberry, Black Cherry), Blue Fruit (Blueberry, Plum, Prune), Red Fruit (Red Plum, Red Cherry)
Flowers: Purple Flowers
Herbal: Garrigue/Wild Herbs, Herbes de Provence, Black Tea, Tobacco
Spice: Bitter Chocolate, Black Pepper, Curing Spices
Other: Hung/Cured Meats, Animal/Feral, Game, Saddle Leather
Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Forest Floor, Dusty
Oak: Large Neutral Cask, Coffee, Cinnamon
Structure: Dry, Full Body, Elevated to High Tannin, Elevated Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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17
Q

Barolo

A

Visual: Ruby/Garnet Color, Significant Garnet/Orange Rim Variation, Moderate Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity
Fruit: Tart Red Fruit (Sour Cherry, Red Plum), Blackberry, Mulberry, Dried Plum/Prune and Dried Cherry
Significant Volatile Acidity, Oxidation
Floral: Heady Floral Character, Roses, Violets
Herbal: Tea Leaf, Tobacco, Bitter Root, Tree Bark
Spice: Licorice, Anise, Resin, Slight Clove/Cinnamon Spice
Other: Tar, Leather
Earth: High Minerality, Truffle, Mushroom, Dust, Organic Earth
Oak: Neutral Large Casks (Slavonian Oak and Chestnut Botti are considered traditional casks for Barolo)
Structure: Dry, Medium to Full Body, High Tannin, Elevated to High Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol

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18
Q

Cote d’Or Pinot Noir

A

Visual: Light Ruby/Ruby Color, Moderate Minus to Moderate Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Tart to Just Ripe Red Fruit (Red Cherry, Raspberry, Cranberry, Wild Strawberry), Possible Black Cherry, Beet/Beetroot, Tomato
Possible Stem Inclusion
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Violets, Lilacs, Potpourri
Herbal/Vegetable: Tea Leaf, Dried Herbs, Fennel, Rhubarb, Sweet Squash
Spice: Red Licorice, Anise, Clove
Other: Game, Leather
Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Flouride, Limestone, Mushroom/Forest Floor, Damp Leaves
Oak: Neutral to High Use of New French Oak, Toast, Vanilla Bean, Smoke, Baking Spices, Cinnamon, Roasted Nut, Caramel (typically, Côte de Nuits producers use higher percentages of new oak than their counterparts in the Côte de Beaune)
Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Diminished to Elevated Tannin, Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol

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19
Q

Russian River Valley Pinot Noir

A

Visual: High Clarity, Bright Ruby Color, Moderate Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Red Fruit (Strawberry Jam, Cherry, Raspberry), Ripe Black Cherry, Plum/Prune
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Potpourri
Herbal: Tea Leaf, Citrus Zest/Peel
Spice: Red Licorice, Clove, Cinnamon
Other: Cola, Cola Nut
Earth: Moderate Minerality
Oak: Moderate Plus to High Use of New French Oak (1/3 or more new barrels), Toast, Vanilla Bean, Smoke, Baking Spices, Clove, Cinnamon, Roasted Nut, Caramel
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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20
Q

Willamette Valley Pinot Noir

A

Visual: Ruby Color, Moderate Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Red Fruit (Strawberry, Cherry, Raspberry), Ripe Black Cherry, Blueberry
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Potpourri
Herbal: Tea Leaf, Citrus Zest/Peel, Tomato Leaf
Spice: Red Licorice, Oak Spices
Other: Cola, Cola Nut
Earth: Moderate Plus Minerality, Wet Leaves, Compost, Mushroom, Forest Floor
Oak: Moderate to High Use of New French Oak, Vanilla, Baking Spices, Coffee, Chocolate, Caramel
Structure: Dry (with Ripe Attack), Moderate Plus Body, Diminished to Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol

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21
Q

Pinotage

A

Visual: Dark Ruby/Purple, Moderate Plus Concentration, Stained Tears
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Roasted/Charred Black and Red Fruit, Blackberry, Black Cherry, Slight Fig
Significant Brettanomyces: Saddle Leather, Clove, Smoke, Band-Aid
Other: Sanguine/Blood, Fresh Paint, Rubber/Burnt Rubber, Barbecue
Oak: Moderate to High Use of New Oak
Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Moderate Alcohol

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22
Q

Sangiovese (Chianti and Brunello)

A

Visual:
Chianti: Light Ruby with Slight Garnet Tones, Moderate Minus to Moderate Concentration (Concentration and Color may be darker if the wine is a blend)
Brunello: Dark Ruby, Garnet Rim Variation, Moderate Plus Concentration
Aromas/Flavors:
Fruit: Tart Red Fruit (Sour Cherry, Raspberry, Cranberry, Red Currant), Red Apple, Black Cherry, Mulberry, Tomato
Floral: Dried Flowers, Potpourri
Herbal/Green: Fennel, Roasted Savory Herbs, Thyme, Rosemary, Marjoram, Camphor, Bitter Root
Spice: Clove, Smoke (Brettanomyces indicators), Coffee/Oak Spices
Other: Sanguine/Blood, Balsamic, Animal, Leather, Tar
Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Clay, Crushed Rock, Baked Earth
Oak:
Chianti: None or Large Neutral Cask with Possible Mixed Use of French Oak Barriques (Chianti DOCG may not see any oak, whereas Chianti Classico and Riserva DOCG wines age in oak barrels)
Brunello: Large Neutral Cask with Possible Mixed Use of French Oak Barriques
Note: Classic examples of both do not see any significant new wood.
Structure:
Chianti: Bone Dry to Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Elevated to High Tannin, Elevated to High Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
Brunello: Bone Dry to Dry, Full Body, Elevated to High Tannin, Elevated to High Acidity, Elevated Alcohol

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23
Q

Northern Rhone Syrah

A

Visual: Ruby/Purple Color, Moderate Plus to High Concentration
Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity
Fruit: Tart/Ripe Black Fruit (Blackberry, Black Cherry, Black Plum), Blue Fruit (Blueberry, Boysenberry), Red Fruit (Raspberry)
Possible Carbonic Maceration and/or Stem Inclusion
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Lavender, Violets
Herbal/Green: Black/Green Olive, Green Peppercorn, Herbes de Provence, Rosemary
Spice: White/Black Pepper, Curing Spices, Juniper
Other: Tar, Hung/Cured Meat, Smoke, Bacon Fat, Band-Aid (Brettanomyces)
Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Granite, Crushed Rock
Oak: Neutral Barrel/Cask or Low to Moderate Use of New French Oak
Structure: Bone Dry to Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Moderate to Elevated Tannin, Elevated to High Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol

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24
Q

South Australia Shiraz

A

Visual: Opaque, Dark Purple Color, High Concentration, Deeply Stained Tears
Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity
Fruit: Ripe/Lush Black Fruit (Blackberry, Cassis), Lush Blue Fruit (Blueberry, Plum), Dried Fruit (Fig, Raisin, Date), Raspberry Liqueur, Mulberry
Floral: Purple and Red Flowers, Lavender (less prominent than in Northern Rhône examples)
Herbal/Green: Eucalyptus, MInt/Menthol, Herbes de Provence, Rosemary
Spice: Black Pepper, Dried Savory Spices, Licorice, Christmas Spices/Fruitcake
Other: Bitter Chocolate, Smoke, Grilled Meat
Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality
Oak: Low to High Use of New American or French Oak, Vanilla, Coconut, Dill, Chocolate, Mocha, Baking Spices, Cumin, Curry/Fenugreek, Maple

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25
Tempranillo
Visual: Ruby, Moderate Minus to Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Tart/Sweet Red Fruit (Red Cherry, Strawberry, Red Currant), Sour Asian Plum, Dried Plum Significant Oxidation and Brettanomyces for Gran Reserva Styles Floral: Red and Dried Flowers Herbal: Tobacco, Dill Other: Sweet and Sour Sauce, Iodine, Leather, Spice Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Baked Earth, Clay, Compost Oak: Low to Moderate Use of New American or Mixed American/French Barrels (Long Aging in Oak for Reserva and Gran Reserva Styles), Vanilla, Coconut, Dill, Cumin, Curry, Fenugreek, Sandalwood Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
26
Zinfandel
Visual: Ruby/Dark Ruby, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration (color and concentration are highly affected by blending other varieties) Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus to High Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Jammy/Brambly Berry Fruit (Raspberry, Black Cherry, Cherry Compote, Blackberry, Cassis, Blueberry), Cranberry Jam, Raisin, Fig, Peach Yogurt, Apricot Non-Fruit: Black Pepper, Briar, Slight Potting Soil/Turned Earth Oak: Neutral to Moderate Use of New American Oak, French Oak, or Mixed Barrels: Vanilla, Sawdust, Coconut, Chocolate, Mocha, Coffee, Caramel, Dillweed, Cinnamon Structure: Dry (often with perceptible RS), Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol
27
Cabernet Franc Synonyms
France: Bouchet, Gros Bouchet, and Grosse-Vidure (St. Émilion and Pomerol); Carmenet (Médoc), Breton (Loire Valley), Véron, Bouchy, Noir-Dur, Méssange Rouge, Trouchet Noir Italy: Bordo (Veneto), Cabernet Frank Spain: Archéria (Basque Country)
28
Cabernet Sauvignon Synonyms
Petit-Cabernet, Vidure, Petite Vidure (Graves); Petit Bouchet (Right Bank); Bouchet (Gironde); Sauvignon Rouge (Central France)
29
Grenache Synonyms
Spain: Garnacha Tinta, Garnatxa, Lladoner, Uva di Spagna, Tintilo de Rota, Tinto Menudo, Roussillon Tinto, Tinto Aragonés Note: Garnacha Tintorera is a synonym for Alicante Bouschet, not Grenache France: Bois Jaune, Carignane Rousse, Sans Pareil, Rivesaltes, Rouvaillard, Aragonais, Ranconnat, Italy: Cannonau (Sardinia), Tocai Rosso, Bordò, and Tai Rosso (Veneto), Vernaccia Nera (Marches) Note: The Sardinian grapes Garnaccia and Granazza, previously thought to be synonymous with Grenache, are genetically distinct
30
Malbec Synonyms
France: Côt (Cahors and Loire Valley), Auxerrois (Cahors), Pressac (Bordeaux Right Bank), Vesparo, Pied Rouge, Jacobain, Grifforin, Malbeck (the latter is also used in Argentina)
31
Mourvedre Synonyms
Spain: Monastrell France: Balzac, Esparte US/Australia: Mataro
32
Nebbiolo Synonyms
Italy: Spanna (Piemonte), Chiavennasca (Valtellina), Picotendro / Picoutener (Valle d'Aosta, Carema), Prunet
33
Pinot Noir Synonyms
France: Noirien (Burgundy), Franc Pineau, Morillon (Morey-St-Denis), Plant Doré and Vert Doré (Champagne), Salvagnin and Savagnin Noir (Jura), Auvernat (Orléans), Bourguignon (Auvergne) Italy: Pinot Nero, Pignola Germany: Spätburgunder, Blauburgunder, Blauer Klevner Austria: Klevner Switzerland: Savagnin Noir, Servagnin (Vaud) Eastern Europe: : Nagyburgundi (Hungary), Burgundac Crni (Serbia and Croatia), Crn Burgundec (Macedonia) Rouci (Czech Republic), Pino Fran (Moldova), Pinot Cernii (Russia)
34
Sangiovese Synonyms
Italy: Morellino (Grosseto), Brunello (Montalcino), Prugnolo Gentile (Montepulciano), Sangioveto (Chianti), Sanvicetro (Chianti), Calabrese (Chianti), Montepulciano (Southern Italy), Puttanella (Calabria), Tuccanese (Puglia) Corsica: Nielluccio (although some suggest this is an indigenous grape to Corsica, it is likely a biotype of Sangiovese)
35
Syrah/Shiraz Synonyms
Australia: Shiraz, Hermitage (Once common, "Hermitage" is no longer legally allowed as a synonym in Australia due to agreement with the EU.) France: Schiras, Sirac, Sirah, Petite Syrah, Hignin Noir, Candive, Entournerein, Antourenein Noir, Sérine, Marsanne Noir Argentina: Balsamina
36
Tempranillo
Spain: Cencibel (Valdepeñas), Tinto Fino (Ribera del Duero), Tinto del País (Ribera del Duero), Tinta de Toro (Toro), Ull de Llebre/Ojo de Liebre (Catalonia), Jacivera (Manchuela), Tinto Madrid, Grenache de Logrono (Rioja) Portugal: Aragonez (Alentejo), Tinto Roriz (Douro Valley), Tinto de Santiago (Península de Setúbal) Argentina: Tempranilla
37
Zinfandel
Croatia: Tribidrag, Crljenak Kaštelanski Italy (Puglia): Primitivo Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia: Kratosija
38
Rias Baixas Albarino
Visual: Pale Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Minus Concentration, Slight Residual Gas (in youth) Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Ripe Citrus (Orange, Meyer Lemon, Ruby Red Grapefruit), Stone Fruit (White Peach, Peach Pit, Apricot, Nectarine), Green Apple, Melon Floral: White and Yellow Flowers, Citrus and Apple Blossoms Other: Bubblegum, Agave, Slight Beer Yeast, Leesy, Saline, Possible ML fermentation Earth: Moderate Plus Minerality Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate Body, Elevated Acidity, Moderate Alcohol
39
Santorini Assyrtiko
Visual: Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Fruit: Citrus (Lemon, Lime), Yellow Apple, Stone Fruit in warmer vintages Floral: Citrus Blossoms, Gardenia, Dried Flowers Oxidative: Slight Hazelnut Other: Lees, Petrol (particularly after 3-4 years of bottle age) Earth: Sulfur, Ash, Flint, Gunsmoke, Lava Rock Oak: None (although most producers do have a barrique-aged bottling in their range) Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Low Tannin (Assyrtiko is an extremely phenolic grape), High Acidity (3.0 pH is average), Elevated to High Alcohol
40
Chablis Chardonnay
Visual: Pale Straw/Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Intensity Fruit: Tart to Just Ripe Tree Fruit (Green Apple, Yellow Apple, Green Pear), Citrus (Lemon) Sulphuric Note (especially in youth): Flint, Burnt Match, Slight Cabbage Oxidative Notes (if neutral barrels are employed): Hazelnut, Almond, Cheese Rind Floral: Faint White Flowers, Apple Blossoms, Hawthorne, Acacia Earth: High Minerality, Stony, Chalk, Saline/Seaspray, Oyster Shell, Button Mushroom Oak: None or Neutral Barrel Structure: Bone Dry to Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Elevated to High Acidity, Moderate Alcohol
41
Cote de Beaune Chardonnay
Visual: Straw to Yellow/Pale Gold, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate to Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Tree Fruits (Green/Yellow Apple, Pear, Quince), Citrus (Lemon), Melon, Stone Fruit (White Peach, Yellow Cherry) Sulphuric Note (especially in youth): Flint, Burnt Match, Slight Cabbage Oxidative Notes: Almond, Hazelnut, Cheese Rind Malolactic Notes: Slight Butter, Crème Fraiche/Sour Cream Floral: White Flowers, Acacia, Hawthorne, Honeysuckle, Apple Blossoms Other: Slight Spice, Slight Savory Herbs Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Limestone, Button Mushroom Oak: Low to High Use of New French Oak, Toffee, Salted Caramel, Butterscotch, Sweet Baking Spices, Cinnamon, Toast, Smoke Bottle Age Aromas: Truffle, Honey, Nut Structure: Dry, Moderate to Full Body, Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
42
Oak Driven California Chardonnay
Visual: Yellow/Pale Gold, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate to Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Ripe Tree Fruits (Yellow Apple, Baked Pear), Ripe Citrus (Meyer Lemon), Ripe Apricot, Tropical Fruits (Ripe Pineapple, Mango), Melon Floral: White Flowers, Apple Blossoms, Honeysuckle Oxidative Notes: Hazelnut, Almond Malolactic Notes: Butter, Yogurt, Crème Fraiche/Sour Cream Other: Sweet/Canned Corn Earth: Low Minerality, Slight Limestone Oak: Moderate to High Use of New French Oak, Toffee, Salted Caramel, Butterscotch, Sweet Baking Spices, Vanilla, Pie Crust, Toast Structure: Dry (may have slight residual sugar), Moderate Plus to Full Body, Moderate Acidity, Elevated Alcohol
43
Vouvray Sec/Demi Sec Chenin Blanc
Visual: Pale Straw/Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate to Moderate Plus Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Tree Fruit (Green/Golden/Oxidized Apple, Quince, Yellow Pear), Citrus (Tangerine, Orange, Lemon), Demi-Sec examples may also reveal Melon and Tropical Fruit Notes Sulphuric Note (in youth) Oxidative Notes: Slight Bruised Apple, Bitter Nut, Almond, Cheese Rind/Soft Cheese Floral: Orange Blossoms, Jasmine, Honeysuckle, Fragrant White Flowers Herbal: Chamomile/Herbal Tea, Medicinal Notes, Dandelion Greens, Wasabi, Savory Herbs, Tree Bark Botrytis (possible): Honey (particularly with Bottle Age), Ginger, Marmalade Other: Wet Wool, Lanolin Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Damp Straw, Limestone/Tuffeau, Wet Stones, White Mushroom Oak: None or Neutral Cask Structure: Dry to Off-Dry (dry examples typically have slight RS), Moderate Body, High Acidity, Diminished to Moderate Alcohol
44
Savennieres Chenin Blanc
Visual: Pale Yellow/Gold, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Fruit: Tree Fruit (Green/Golden/Oxidized Apple, Quince, Yellow Pear), Citrus (Tangerine, Bergamot, Lemon), Dried Apricot Oxidative Notes: Bruised/Rotten Apple, Cider, Bitter Nut, Almond/Marzipan, Pistachio, Cheese Rind/Soft Cheese (overall the character of classic Savennières tends to be more oxidative than Vouvray) Floral: Honeysuckle, Jasmine, White Flowers Herbal: Chamomile/Herbal Tea, Medicinal Notes, Dandelion Greens, Wasabi, Savory Herbs, Tree Bark Botrytis (possible): Honey (particularly with bottle age), Saffron, Ginger, Marmalade Other: Wet Wool, Lanolin Earth: Moderate Plus to High Minerality, Damp Straw, Schist, Wet Stones, White Mushroom Oak: None or Neutral Cask Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus to Full Body, High Levels of Extract, High Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
45
Alsatian Gewurztraminer
Visual: Yellow/Gold, Moderate Plus to High Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High (Heady) Intensity Fruit: Tropical Fruit (Lychee, Pineapple, Tropical Fruit Punch), Ripe Stone Fruit (Peach Jam, Dried Apricot), Citrus (Orange Marmalade, Grapefruit Pith) Floral: Roses, Floral Perfume Spice: Cinnamon, Clove, Gingerbread, Musk, Potpourri, Exotic Spices Other: Honey, Bergamot Oil, Face Lotion/Perfumed Hand Soap Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality Oak: None or Neutral Cask Structure: Dry to Off Dry, Moderate Plus to Full-Body, Diminished to Moderate Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
46
Wachau Smaragd and Kremstal/Kamptal Reserve Grüner Veltliner
Visual: Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Citrus (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange), Ripe Stone Fruit (Peach, Apricot, Yellow Cherry, White Plum), Red/Yellow Apple, Slight Dried and/or Tropical Fruit Character Floral: White Flowers Spice: White Pepper, Wasabi, Radish, Lentils Green/Herbal: Slight Chive, Tarragon, Sage Slight Oxidation: Blanched Almond, Nut Botrytis: Slight Ginger, Honey, Saffron Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Stony, Granitic Other: Leesy, Smoke Oak: None or Neutral Large Cask Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
47
Marsanne
Visual: Yellow Color with Hints of Gold and Green, Moderate Plus to High Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Ripe Stone Fruit (Apricot, Apricot Kernel, White Peach, White Plum), RIpe Tree Fruit (Quince, Pear, Baked Apple), Melon, Orange Marmalade, Citron/Lemon Oil Oxidation Notes: Almond/Marzipan, Hazelnut Malolactic Notes: Butter, Cream Floral: White Flowers, Honeysuckle, Acacia Herbal/Green: Green Olive, Thyme, Pine Spice: Cinnamon, Musk Other: Beeswax, Honey, Parsnip, Root Beer Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Granitic/Stony Oak: Neutral Casks or Low to Moderate Use of New French Oak, Vanilla Pod, Toast, Smoke, Baking Spices Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus to Full Body, Diminished Acidity, Elevated Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
48
Sur Lie Muscadet Melon de Bourgogne
Visual: Watery to Pale Straw with Hints of Green, Low to Moderate Minus Concentration, Slight Residual Gas (in youth) Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Minus to Moderate Intensity Fruit: Tart Citrus (Lemon, Lime), Tart Tree Fruit (Green Apple, Green Pear), Under-ripe Stone Fruit (White Peach, Nectarine) Floral: Faint White Flowers Herbal/Root: Dandelion Greens, Nettles, Savory Herbs, Peppery Greens, Turnip/Root Vegetable Sur Lie: Leesy, Yeast, Sourdough, Sour Beer, Slight Cream Earth: High Minerality, Saline/Brine, Sea Salt, Wet Stones Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate Minus to Moderate Body, High Acidity, Moderate Alcohol
49
Alsace Muscat
Visual: Straw/Yellow, Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High (Heady) Intensity Fruit: Ripe Citrus (Orange, Tangerine), Ripe Tree Fruit (Yellow Pear), Ripe Stone Fruit (Yellow Peach, Apricot), Tropical Fruit (Pineapple, Mango), Melon, Grape Floral: White, Yellow and Red Flowers, Honeysuckle, Rose, Orange Blossoms, Lilacs, Elderflower Herbal/Green: Slight Vegetative Notes Spice: Musk, Potpourri, Cinnamon, Licorice Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Stony, Button Mushroom, Damp Cellar Oak: None or Large Neutral Cask Structure: Dry, Moderate Body, Moderate Acidity, Moderate Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
50
Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise
Visual: Straw, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High (Heady) Intensity Fruit: Candied Citrus (Orange, Tangerine), Ripe Stone Fruit (Yellow Peach, Apricot), Tropical Fruit (Pineapple, Mango), Melon Liqueur, Grape Floral: White, Yellow and Red Flowers, Honeysuckle, Rose, Orange Blossoms, Lilacs, Elderflower Other: Honey Oak: None Structure: Medium Sweet to Sweet (at least 110 g/l residual sugar), Full Body, Moderate Acidity, High Alcohol (fortified)
51
Alsatian Pinot Gris
Visual: Yellow/Pale Gold (possibly with slight copper and pink tones), Moderate to Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate to Moderate Plus Intensity Fruit: Stone Fruit (Apricot, Yellow Peach), Candied Citrus (Meyer Lemon, Orange), Ripe Tree Fruit (Baked Apple, Quince), Tropical Notes (Pineapple), Banana/Banana Peel Floral: Faint White Flowers, Apple Blossoms, Honeysuckle Spice: Exotic Spices, Musk, Cinnamon Botrytis: Honey, Ginger Other: Beeswax, Damp Cellar, Nutty, Bitter Almond Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Mushroom/Forest Floor Oak: Large Neutral Oak Casks Structure: Dry to Medium Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
52
Italian Pinot Grigio
Visual: Pale Straw with Hints of Green (possibly with slight copper and pink tones), Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Intensity Fruit: Citrus (Lemon), Tree Fruit (Red and Yellow Apple), Creamy Stone Fruit (White Peach, Nectarine), Melon Floral: White and Yellow Flowers Herbal: Watercress/Arugula Other: Peanut Shell, Lager Yeast/Stale Beer Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Stone/Chalk, Ashen Notes, Saline Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate Body, Elevated Acidity, Moderate Alcohol, Slight Phenolic Bitterness
53
Mosel Kabinett Riesling
Visual: Brilliant, Watery White with Hints of Green, Low Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Tart Tree Fruits (Green Apple, Bosc Pear, Quince), Citrus/Citrus Peel (Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit), Stone Fruit (White Peach, White Plum, Nectarine), Blackcurrant Sulphuric Note (in youth) Floral: White Flowers, Jasmine, Fruit Tree Blossoms Other: Slight Smoke, Candlewax, Panna Cotta/Meringue, Slight Petrol Earth: High Minerality, Slate, Crushed Rock Oak: None or Large Neutral Cask Bottle Age Aromas: Honey, Petrol, Paraffin Structure: Off-Dry to Medium Dry, Light Body, High Acidity, Low Alcohol
54
Rheingau Spatlese Riesling
Visual: Star-Bright, Straw with Hints of Pale Gold and Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Ripe Tree Fruits (Yellow Apple, Pear, Quince), Fresh Citrus/Citrus Peel (Grapefruit, Orange, Meyer Lemon), Stone Fruits (Nectarine, White Peach, Apricot, Cherry), Melon Sulphuric Note (in youth) Floral: White Flowers, Wildflowers, Honeysuckle, Jasmine, Fruit Tree Blossoms Botrytis: Ginger, Honey, Saffron Slight Herbal/Spice: Lemongrass Other: Slight Smoke, Candlewax, Panna Cotta/Meringue, Slight Petrol Earth: High Minerality, Granite, Slate, Crushed Rock Oak: None or Large Neutral Cask Bottle Age Aromas: Honey, Petrol, Paraffin, Herbs (Marjoram, Spearmint) Structure: Medium Dry to Medium Sweet, Moderate Minus Body, High Acidity, Low Alcohol
55
Dry Alsace Riesling
Visual: Yellow/Gold with Hints of Green, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Ripe and Cooked Tree Fruits (Yellow Apple, Baked Pear, Quince), Citrus (Lemon, Citronella, Grapefruit), Stone Fruit (Yellow Peach, Stewed Apricot), Tropical Fruit (Pineapple), Banana/Banana Peel Sulphuric Note (in youth) Floral: White Flowers, Honeysuckle, Jasmine Botrytis: Ginger, Honey, Saffron Spice: Cardamom, Anise, Fennel Other: Smoke, Candlewax, Slight Petrol Earth: High Minerality, White Mushroom Oak: None or Large Neutral Cask Bottle Age Aromas: Honey, Petrol, Paraffin, Marzipan, Browned Toast Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, High Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
56
Clare Valley/Eden Valley Riesling
Visual: Pale Straw with Hints of Gold and Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Ripe Citrus (Lime, Lime Candy, Lemon), Stone Fruit (White Peach, White Nectarine), Tart Tree Fruit (Green Apple), Slight Tropical Fruit (Passion Fruit, Guava) Sulphuric Note (in youth) Floral: White Flowers, Purple Flowers, Linden/Lime Blossoms, Roses Other: Slight Spice, Kerosene/Petrol, Margarita Salt, "Fresh Tennis Ball" Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Slate, Steely Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, High Acidity, Moderate Alcoho
57
Sancerre Sauvignon Blanc
Visual: Pale Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate to Moderate Plus Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Tart Citrus (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime), Tart Tree Fruit (Green Apple, Green Pear), Gooseberry, Under-ripe Stone Fruit (White Peach), Slight Tropical Fruit (Kiwi, Passion Fruit) Floral: Faint White Flowers, Citrus Blossoms Herbal/Green/Pyrazine: Cut Grass, Green Bell Pepper, Blackcurrant Bud, Box Tree, Nettles, Tarragon Earth: High Minerality, Wet Stones, Chalk, Crushed Rocks Oak: None or Neutral Oak Casks Structure: Dry, Moderate Body, High Acidity, Moderate to Moderate Plus Alcohol
58
Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc
Visual: Pale Straw with Hints of Green, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Citrus (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime), Melon, Gooseberry, Tropical Fruit (Passion Fruit, Guava, Pineapple) Floral: Faint White Flowers, Citrus Blossoms Herbal/Green/Pyrazine: Cut Grass, Asparagus, Canned Pea, Green Bell Pepper, Jalapeño, Blackcurrant Bud, Rhubarb Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality, Wet Sand, Chalk Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate Body, High Acidity, Moderate to Moderate Plus Alcohol
59
Napa Sauvignon Blanc
Visual: Straw with Hints of Green and Gold, Moderate Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Plus Intensity, Less Pronounced Varietal Character Fruit: Ripe Citrus Fruit (Ruby Red Grapefruit, Lemon, Mandarin Orange, Lime), Tropical Fruit (Passion Fruit, Guava, Kiwi), Ripe Tree and Stone Fruit (Red Apple, White Peach, Nectarine), Melon Floral: White Flowers, Citrus Blossoms Herbal/Green/Pyrazine: Cut Grass, Celery, Tarragon, Lemongrass Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality Oak: None or Low to Moderate Use of New French Oak (Napa examples with new barrique fermentation and aging may take on aromas and flavors similar to Graves Bordeaux Blanc) Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Plus to High Acidity, Moderate Plus to High Alcohol
60
Graves Bordeaux Blanc Sauvignon Blanc
Visual: Yellow/Pale Gold Color with Hints of Green, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: Moderate Intensity of Aromas Fruit: Citrus (Grapefruit, Lemon), Tropical Fruit (Pineapple, Passion Fruit), Tree Fruit (Green Fig, Green/Yellow Apple), Melon, Stone Fruit (Nectarine, Peach, Apricot) Floral: Honeysuckle, Faint White Flowers Herbal/Green/Pyrazine: Cut Grass, Celery Seed/Celery Earth: Gravel, Wet Rocks Other: Beeswax, Lanolin, Cream Soda, Sunflower Seed Oak: Moderate to High (50%) Use of New French Oak, Vanilla, Toast Structure: Dry, Moderate to Moderate Plus Body, Moderate Plus to High Acidity, Moderate to Moderate Plus Alcohol
61
Sauternes/Barsac Semillon
Visual: Gold, High Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Stewed/Cooked Tree Fruit (Apple, Quince), Cooked Peach, Dried Apricot, Fig/Fruitcake, Sweet Citrus (Orange, Tangerine, Lemon Marmalade), Ripe Melon, Tropical Fruit (Pineapple) Floral: Honeysuckle, Orange Blossom Spice: Cinnamon, Clove, Mace, Nutmeg, Vanilla Pod Herbal: Sweet Hay, Dried Grass, Savory Herbs Botrytis: Honey, Gingerbread/Ginger, Saffron, Candied Pineapple/Dried Apricot Oxidation: Blanched Nuts, Hazelnut, Almond Earth: Moderate to High Minerality, Mushroom/Truffle Notes Oak: Moderate to High Use of New French Oak, Toast, Smoke, Caramel/Crème Brûlée, Vanilla, Coconut, Baking Spices Structure: Sweet (approx. 85-150 g/l residual sugar), Full Body, Elevated Acidity, Moderate to Elevated Alcohol
62
Salta Torrontes
Visual: Yellow with Hints of Green, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Synthetic Grape, Tropical Fruit (Pineapple, Guava, Papaya), Ripe Citrus (Orange, Meyer Lemon), Ripe Stone Fruit (Peach), Melon Floral: Highly Floral/Perfumed, Orange Blossoms, Roses, Jasmine, Geraniums Other: Hand Lotion/Soapy, Potpourri, Slight Musk Spice Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality Oak: None Structure: Dry, Moderate Plus Body, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated Alcohol, Possible Phenolic Bitterness
63
Condrieu Viognier
Visual: Yellow/Pale Gold Color, Moderate Plus Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Ripe/Lush Stone Fruit (Apricot, Peach, Peach Pit), Ripe Citrus (Mandarin Orange, Ruby Red Grapefruit), Tropical Fruit (Mango, Persimmon), Fruit Cocktail Floral: Honeysuckle, Jasmine, Orange Blossoms, Rose Spice: Cinnamon, Musk, Potpourri, Candied Citrus Peel, Anise, Gingerbread Malolactic Fermentation (not always present): Crème Fraiche, Yogurt, Butter Earth: Moderate to Moderate Plus Minerality, Stone/Granite Oak: None, Neutral Oak, or Low to Moderate (approx. 30%) Use of New French Oak Structure: Dry (may have slight residual sugar), Moderate Plus to Full Body, Diminished to Moderate Acidity, Elevated Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
64
California Viognier
Visual: Yellow/Pale Gold Color, Moderate Plus to High Concentration Aromas/Flavors: High Intensity Fruit: Ripe Stone Fruit (Apricot, Peach), Ripe Citrus (Mandarin Orange, Ruby Red Grapefruit, Tangerine), Ripe Tropical Fruit (Pineapple, Mango), Fruit Cocktail Floral: Honeysuckle, Rose Spice: Potpourri, Sweet Spices, Vanilla, Cardamom, Gingerbread Malolactic Fermentation (not always present): Crème Fraiche, Yogurt, Butter Earth: Low to Moderate Minerality Other: Oily, Sweetened Cereal Grains ("Fruit Loops") Oak: None, Neutral Oak, or Low to Moderate (approx. 30%) Use of New French Oak Structure: Dry to Off Dry, Full Body, Diminished Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol, Phenolic Bitterness
65
Albarino Synonyms
Spain: Galego, Azal Blanco, Albelleiro, Alvarin Blanco Portugal: Alvarinho, Galeguinho
66
Chardonnay Synonyms
France: Beaunois (Chablis), Melon d’Arbois (northern Jura), Gamay Blanc (southern Jura), Epinette (Champagne), Pinot Blanc à Cramant (Champagne), Arnaison (Touraine), Morillon (Yonne), Plat de Tonnerre (Yonne), Rousseau (Saône), Petite Sainte-Marie (Savoie), Petit Chatey (Jura) Austria: Feinburgunder, Morillon Italy: Gelber Weißerburgunder (Alto Adige) Germany: Weißer Clevner
67
Chenin Blanc Synonyms
South Africa: Steen France: Pineau de la Loire, Pineau d'Anjou, Pineau (Loire Valley) South America: Pinot Bianco
68
Gewurztraminer Synonyms
Alsace: Traminer, Rotclevner, Rousselet, Frenscher, Edeltraube Other France: Traminer Musqué, Traminer Aromatique, Traminer Parfumé, Gentil-Duret Rouge, Gris Rouge Germany: Dreimanner, Christkindltraube, Rotedel, Rotfranke, Frankisch, Kleinweiner Italy: Traminer Aromatico, Flaischwiner Austria: Roter Nurnberger, Ranfoliza Hungary: Fuszeres, Tramini Romania: Traminer Roz Macedonia: Traminec
69
Gruner Veltliner
``` Austria: Weißgipfler, Manhardsrebe, Grünmuskateller Czech Republic: Veltlinské Zelené Slovakia: Zelini Veltlinec Hungary: Zöldveltelini Other: Gru-Ve ```
70
Marsanne Synonyms
France: Grosse Roussette (Savoie) Switzerland: Ermitage Spain: Marsana
71
Melon de Bourgogne Synonyms
France: Muscadet, Gros Auxerrois, Gamay Blanc à Feuilles Rondes Note: A large amount of "Pinot Blanc" planted in California in the 1970s was determined through DNA testing to be Melon de Bourgogne
72
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains
Italy: Moscato Bianco, Moscato Canelli (Asti) France: Muscat d'Alsace, Muscat Lunel, Muscat de Frontignan Hungary: Sárgamuskotály (Tokaj) Spain: Moscatel de Grano Menudo Germany: Muskateller South Africa: Muskadel, Muscat de Frontignan Australia: Muscat de Frontignan Greece: Moschato Aspro, Muscat of Samos Macedonia: Temjanika Russia: Tamyanka California: White Muscat Note: Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot), Muscat of Hamburg, and Muscat Ottonel are distinct varieties. Color Mutations of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains: Yellow Muscat (Gelber Muskateller), Brown Muscat (Frontignac), Red Muscat (Roter Muskateller)
73
Pinot Gris/Grigio
Italy: Pinot Grigio France: Pinot Beurot (Burgundy), Malvoisie (Savoie, Loire), Tokay d'Alsace (banned synonym in Alsace), Gris Cordelier, Fauvet, Auvernat Gris, Petit Gris, Fromentot Germany: Rülander, Grauburgunder, Grauklevner Hungary: Szürkebarat, Grauer Mönch Switzerland: Malvoisie de Valais Slovenia/Croatia: Rulandac Sivi
74
Riesling Synonyms
Germany: Weißer Riesling (Germany and Austria), Johannisberger (Germany and Switzerland), Moselriesling, Rheinriesling, Rössling, Rieslinger, Pfefferl, Niederländer, Klingelberger, Gräfenberger, Kastellberger, Karbacher Riesling, Kleinriesling, Kleingriesler, Weißer Kleiner Riesling, Gewürztraube California: Johannisberg Riesling USA: White Riesling Australia: Rhine Riesling Italy: Riesling Renano Croatia: Rajinski Rizling Slovenia: Renski Rizling Bulgaria: Rizling Romania: Reynai France: Petracine (Moselle), Gentil Aromatique Note: Gray Riesling, Emerald Riesling, Cape Riesling, Hunter Riesling, Italian Riesling (Welschriesling) are distinct grapes, not synonyms for the noble Riesling
75
Roussanne Synonyms
France: Bergeron (Savoie), Barbin, Rebelot, Greffou, Picotin Blanc, Roussanne de Tain, Fromenteau
76
Sauvignon Blanc Synonyms
``` France: Blanc Fumé (Pouilly-Fumé), Punechon (France), Surin (France), Sauvignon Jaune (France), Gentin à Romorantin (France) California: Fumé Blanc, Savagnin Musqué Italy: Sauvignon Austria: Muskat-Silvaner Germany: Feigentraube ```
77
Semillon Synonyms
France: Sémillon Muscat, Sémillon Roux, Chevrier, Malaga, Colombier, Blanc Doux Australia: Hunter Riesling (Hunter Valley) South Africa: Wyndruif, Green Grape, Groendruif Romania: St. Emilion
78
Torrontes Synonyms
Torrontel, Torrontel Riojano, Malvasia
79
Viognier Synonyms
Burgundy: Chaudenet Gras (Côte Chalonnaise), Giboudot Blanc (Rully), Griset Blanc (Beaune), Plant Gris (Meursault), Troyen Blanc (Yonne) Other France: Bergeron, Barbin, Rebelot, Greffou, Picotin Blanc, Vionnier, Petiti Vionnier, Viogné, Galopine Croatia: Vugava bijela (Dalmatia)
80
Aglianco Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-Skinned, Early-Budding, Late-Ripening, Resistance to Powdery Mildew, Susceptible to Downy Mildew and Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: volcanic soils
81
Barbera Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Mid-Ripening, Susceptible to Downy Mildew and Pierce's Disease, High Vigor Preferred Soil Type: Calcareous soils and sandy/clay loams
82
Cabernet Franc Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Cabernet Franc is thinner-Skinned than Cabernet Sauvignon, and buds and ripens at least a week earlier. Susceptible to Downy and Powdery Mildew, Resistance to Cold Preferred Soil Type: Limestone, Sand
83
Cabernet Sauvignon Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late-Budding, Late-Ripening, Thick-Skinned, Small Berry Size, Resistance to Disease Preferred Soil Type: well-drained gravel soils
84
Carmenere Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Carmenère buds earlier than either Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc, but ripens later. Thick-skinned, Susceptible to Coulure Preferred Soil Type: Clay
85
Corvina Characteristics
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-skinned, Small Berries, Resistance to Rot and Winter Cold, High Vigor
86
Gamay Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Early-Budding, Early-Ripening, Susceptible to Botrytis/Grey Rot and Powdery Mildew Preferred Soil Type: schist and granite
87
Grenache Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Late-Ripening, High-Yielding, Susceptible to Fungal Disease and Coulure, Resistance to Drought Preferred Soil Type: Hot, dry, stony soils (such as schist or granite)
88
Malbec Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-Skinned, Early-Budding, Early-Ripening (for a Bordeaux variety), Medium Berry Size, Loose Clusters, Susceptible to Frost and Many Diseases, Resistance to Oidium Preferred Soil Type: various
89
Merlot Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thinner-skinned than Cabernet Sauvignon (Merlot flowers and ripens up to two weeks earlier than Cabernet), Resistance to Powdery Mildew, Susceptible to Downy Mildew and Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: cool, moisture-retaining soils, such as clay
90
Mouvedre Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-Skinned, Late-Budding, Late-Ripening, Susceptible to Drought, Resistant to Botrytis/Bunch Rot Preferred Soil Type: cool clay or calcareous soils
91
Nebbiolo Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: High Vigor, Thin-Skinned, Early-Budding, Late Ripening (at least 2 weeks after Barbera and 4 weeks after Dolcetto), Susceptible to Oidium, Resistance to Downy Mildew and Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: calcareous marl and sandy soils Associated Classic Soil Types: Tortonian (calcareous marl) Helvetian (sandstone)
92
Pinot Noir Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Early-Budding, Early-Ripening, Susceptible to Fungal Diseases (Downy and Powdery Mildew), Leaf Roll Virus and Rot, Prone to Mutation (suggested but not proven, and it is increasingly likely that Pinot's clonal diversity is actually due to its much longer history as a cultivated vine in comparison with other major varieties) Preferred Soil Type: well-drained, calcareous soils and marly loam
93
Pinotage Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Mid-Budding, Mid-Ripening, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew, and Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: Moisture-retaining soils
94
Sangiovese Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Late-Ripening, Highly Vigorous, Highly Adaptable to its Environment, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, Botrytis/Grey Rot and Esca Preferred Soil Type: Low-vigor, calcareous soils
95
Syrah Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late-Budding, Early-Ripening, Resistance to Disease Preferred Soil Type: Well-drained, poor rocky soils
96
Tempranillo Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Early-Budding, Early-Ripening, Susceptible to Rot and Disease Preferred Soil Type: Calcareous soils
97
Zinfandel Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Differential Ripening, Mid-Ripening, Compact Clusters
98
Albarino Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Susceptible to Downy and Powdery Mildew, Moderate Vigor, Early- to Mid-Ripening, Preferred Soil Type: sand and alluvial topsoils with rocky subsoil (such as granite)
99
Assyrtiko Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Loose Clusters, Small-Berried, Thick-Skinned, Prone to Oxidation, Resistant to Drought, Resistant to Mildew Preferred Soil Type: volcanic soil
100
Chardonnay Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Early-Budding, Susceptible to Grey Rot/Botrytis, Susceptible to Millerandage Preferred Soil Type: chalk and limestone
101
Chenin Blanc Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Early-Budding, Late-Ripening (in cool climates), Susceptible to Botrytis/Grey Rot, Susceptible to Oidium, Resistance to Downy Mildew Preferred Soil Type: calcareous soils
102
Gewurtztraminer Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-Skinned, Early-Budding, Mid-Ripening, Uneven Ripening, Susceptible to Coulure Preferred Soil Type: loamy and heavy clay soils
103
Gruner Veltliner Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Mid- to Late-Budding, Mid- to Late-Ripening, Susceptible to Downy Mildew Preferred Soil Type: gneiss, loess, other weathered primary rock
104
Marsanne Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late Budding, Mid-Ripening, High Vigor, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, and Botrytis/Bunch Rot, Small Berries Preferred Soil Type: Stony, low-vigor soils
105
Melon de Bourgogne Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: High-Yielding, Early-Budding, Early-Ripening, Resistance to Cold and Frost, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew, and Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: stony, mineral-rich schistous soils
106
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains Characteristics
Viticultural Characteristics: Early-Budding, Late-Ripening, Susceptible to Fungal Disease, Susceptible to Leaf Roll Virus, Low-Yielding
107
Pinot Grigio (Gris) Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Early-Budding, Mid-Ripening, Resistance to Pests and Most Diseases, Susceptible to Botrytis/Grey Rot Alsatian Biotypes of Pinot Gris: Gros Grains: larger berries, higher-yielding Petits Grains: smaller berries, lower-yielding, much rarer Preferred Soil Type: deep and fertile soils with high mineral conten
108
Riesling Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late-Budding, Early-Ripening (in warmer climates), Cold-Resistant, Susceptible to Coulure and Grey Rot/Botrytis Preferred Soil Type: slate and other well-drained, poor soils
109
Roussanne Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late-Ripening, Uneven Ripening, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew and Botrytis/Grey Rot, Sensitivity to Wind Damage Preferred Soil Type: Moisture-retaining, moderately fertile soils
110
Sauvignon Blanc Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Late-Budding, Early-Ripening, Susceptible to Botrytis/Grey Rot and Powdery Mildew Preferred Soil Type: dry and rocky soils, such as chalk or gravel
111
Semillon Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thin-Skinned, Early-Ripening, Susceptible to Botrytis/Grey Rot Preferred Soil Type: gravel and clay-limestone
112
Torrontes Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Thick-Skinned, High-Yielding | Preferred Soil Type: Sand
113
Viognier Characteristics and Soil
Viticultural Characteristics: Early-Ripening, Low-Yielding, Poor Fruit Set and Uneven Ripening, Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, Resistance to Botrytis/Grey Rot, Drought-Resistant Preferred Soil Type: light, sandy topsoils Associated "Classic" Soil Types: Condrieu: arzelle (mica-rich deep sand laid over granite bedrock)

Wine (14 decks)

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