Grapho-phonemics 1

Question 1

< >
/ /
*

Answer 1

< > : a graphic sequence (spelling)
/ / : a phonological sequence
* : an impossible or incorrect form

Question 2

4 values for each monograph

Answer 2

brève : short / lax / checked
longue : long / tense / free
modifiée par -r : -r value
valeur étrangère : foreign value

Question 3

5 monograph

Answer 3

< a >
< e >
<i/y >
< o >
< u >

Question 4

4 values monograph < a >

Answer 4

/æ/
/eɪ/
/ɑː/
/ɑː/

Question 4

4 values monograph < e >

Answer 4

/e/
/i:/
/3:/
/eɪ/

Question 5

4 values monograph <i/y >

Answer 5

/ɪ/
/aɪ/
/3:/
/i:/

Question 6

4 values monograph < o >

Answer 6

/ɒ/
/əʊ/
/ɔː/
/əʊ/

Question 6

4 values monograph < u >

Answer 6

/ʌ/
/u:/
/3:/
/u:/

Question 6

Short / Lax / Checked vowel

Answer 6

< a > → /æ/ : rat, fat, attack, racket, cravat, abash..
< e > → /e/ : bed, pet, effective, repel, lapel, steppe, fence
<i/y > → /ɪ/ : cliff, sit, if, gin, width, winner, equip
< o > → /ɒ/ : not, soft, dossier, Cockney, accost
< u > → /ʌ/: fuss, cup; bulb, convulse

Question 7

The sit and still rule

Answer 7

A simple vowel followed by ONE FINAL CONSONANT has its SHORT VALUE. (ex : bed)

A simple vowel followed by 2 CONSONANTS has its SHORT VALUE (ex : fuss)

Question 8

Exceptions short vowels

Answer 8

bass, contrabass
yacht
demesne
comb, gross, engross, wont, host, ghost, most, post, both, loth, quoth, sloth, ripost, betroth
climb, ninth, pint, whilst, child, wild, mild, indict
won, ton, son, front, mouth, sponge, once, front, affront, among(st)
truth, Ruth, whom, (en)tomb, womb
put, puss, pussy

Question 9

Exceptions short vowels

Answer 9

bass, contrabass → /eɪ/
yacht → : /ˈjɒt/
demesne → /dɪˈmeɪn/

comb, gross, engross, wont, host, ghost, most, post, both, loth, quoth, sloth, ripost, betroth → /eɪ/ or /i:/

climb, ninth, pint, whilst, child, wild, mild, indict
won, ton, son, front, mouth, sponge, once, front, → /aɪ/

affront, among(st) → /ʌ/
truth, Ruth, whom, (en)tomb, womb → /u:/
put, puss, pussy → /ʊ/

Question 10

Long / tense / free vowels

Answer 10

< a > → /eɪ/ : landscape, make, lane, crate, ache, abthe, locate
< e > → /i:/ : gene, scene, be, cede, impede, supreme, serene, contavene
<i/y > → /aɪ/ : chime, dive, bike, rupe, die, dye, my, imply
< o > → /əʊ/ : close, alone, dome, clone, so, hello
< u > → /u:/: cute, use, flu, due, dupe, acute

Question 11

Long vowels rules

Answer 11

A simple vowel followed by ONE CONSONANT AND A FINAL <e> has its long value.</e>

A FINAL VOWEL has its long value

A vowel that is PHONOLOGICALLY FINAL (followed by a silent <e> or a silent <h>) has its LONG VALUE</h></e>

Question 12

the magic <e> rule (cake)</e>

Answer 12

A simple vowel followed by ONE CONSONANT AND A FINAL <e> has its long value. You pronounce it as you pronounce it in the alphabet</e>

fat vs fate : ˈfæt vs ˈfeɪt
pet vs peter : ˈpɛt vs ˈpiːtə
bit vs bite : ˈbɪt vs ˈbaɪt
not vs note : ˈnɒt vs ˈnəʊt
cut vs cute : ˈkʌt vs ˈkjuːt

Question 13

Exceptions : the sneaky e

Answer 13

Lax / short value despite a final <e></e>

♦ have /æ/
♦ /ɪ/ give, give, forgive, outlive, live (verb) (but adjective live /’laɪv/=”en direct”)

♦ with /ʌ/ worry, above, done, none, one, honey, money, glove, love, shove, slovenly, oven, govern, cover, some (full form), dozen, come, become, dove, wonder, tongue, brother, mother other sponge avec (worry words)

♦ with / ɑː/ → bra, hurrah

♦ /ɒ/
gone with /ɒ/ in RP :
shone with /ɒ/ in RP
scone with //ɒ// in RP ( /əʊ/ = also a possible variant in contemporary RP)

/!\ The final <-age> syllable is pronounced /ɪdʒ/, not /eɪdʒ/: image, savage, village, message

Question 14

Specific cases long value

Answer 14

<u> → /ʊ/ : after <f/p/b> & in front of <ll/sh/tch> : pull, bull, fush, push, bush, butcher</u>

<a> → /ɒ/ after /w/ : watt, what, swamp, squad</a>

<a> → /ɔː/ after /w/ and in front of /r/ in the same syll : swarm, warm, ward, reward, award, towards</a>

<a> → /ɔː/ aafter /w/ and in front of /l/</a>

==> The previous 2 rules don’t apply in front of velars /k/; /g/ /ŋ/

Question 15

Specific case <alC> / <olC></olC></alC>

Answer 15

Two specific rules apply to <a> and <o> when followed by <l> and one consonant (<IC>) when the consonant is <l#, t, d, k>:</IC></l></o></a>

♦ olC /ǝʊ/ (RP)
e.g. troll, volt, gold, folk

♦ alC/ɔː/
e.g. all, halt, bald, walk

+ <alm#>/’ɑː/ e.g. calm, palm, psalm
This rule also concerns words like ‘almond, calf, half…
In these words,

<l> is never pronounced in this context when it's followed by a <k> : walk, folk
</k></l>

Question 16

Specific case : ask words / the BATH lexial set

Answer 16

In ‘ask words’ / the BATH lexical set, RP has /ɑː/ for This pattern occurs in two contexts:

→ When <a> is FOLLOWED by a VOICELESS FRICATIVE (+ a plosive)
e.g. staff, craft, bath, class, glass, grasp, cast, last, ask, mask … (but math, bass, mass, plastic… have/æ/)</a>

→ When <a> is followed by a <nC> or <mC> sequence
e.g. trance, demand, advance, grant, sample, plant, dance, France... + 'slander, answer (but land, hand, bank, slang, sand, stand... have /æ/)</mC></nC></a>

Question 17

Specific case with the ending in <{i,e,u}+V(C0(e))> (-ion rule)

Answer 17

In words ending in <{i,e,u}+V(C0(e))> (see p. 10), the stressed vowel is free / long unless it is <i> and unless it is followed by two consonants (C2). If it is «i> or if it is followed by two consonants (C2), the stressed vowel is checked/short.</i>

ex :
aphasia /əˈfeɪziə/
conversation /ˌkɒnvərˈseɪʃən/,
olfaction /ɒlˈfækʃən / (C2),
accretion /əˈkriːʃən/,
amnesia /æmˈniːziə/,
circumspection /ˌsɜːrkəmˈspɛkʃənn/ (C2),
ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/,
judicious /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/,
interdiction /ɪntəˈdɪkʃən/,
promotion /prəˈməʊʃən/,
hydrophobia /ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbiə/
option /ˈɒpʃən/ (C2),
consecution /kɒnsı’kju:ʃn, kansı’kju:Лn/,
peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliər/,
construction /kənˈstrʌkʃən/ (C2)…

Question 18

r- value

Answer 18

When <r> follows a stressed vowel => modified by r
< a > → /ɑː(r)/ → car, far, charm, arm, army
< e > → /3:(r)/ → nerve, assert, mercantile
<i/y > → /3:(r)/ → firm, stir, bird
< o > → /ɔː(r)/ → absord, shore, abort, vortex, mortal
< u > → /3:(r)/ → curve, further, absurd, lurch, turbine</r>

Question 19

r- value exceptions

Answer 19

clerk ˈklɑːrk
scarce ˈskɛərs
auberge əʊ’beəʒ
emir ɛˈmɪər

Question 20

5/ Foreign value

Answer 20

It is used in words of foreign - particularly French, Italian or Spanish origin:
<a> → /ɑː/
mikado, fa, la, Versace, pa’pa (RP) ma’ma (RP),
shah, Panama, vase (NB: /er/ in GA), façade, potage, arbitrage, espionage…</a>

<e>→ /eɪ/
Veronese, mesa, peso, suede...

<i><y>→ /i:/
Martini, bourgeoisie, mi, si (notes de musique), litre, pique, niche, ravine, routine, cuisine, machine, sardine, intrigue, prestige, caprice, police, regime, antique, mystique, critique, physique, magazine, chic, motif...

<0> /əʊ/ in RP
mafioso, Antonio...

<u>⇒ /u:/
Bantu ...
</u></y></i></e>