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Zoo 3700 Lab Exam > Grazers and browsers > Flashcards

Grazers and browsers Flashcards

1
Q

How do grazers/browsers feed?

A

Mobile consumers of sessile prey (usually plants, fungi, algae), cropping exposed tissue without killing the prey.

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2
Q

What are common structures possessed by grazers/browsers to aid in feeding?

A

Hard, biting mouthparts (radulae in gastropods, aristotle’s lantern in sea urchins, sclerotized jaws in insects)

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3
Q

What are some challenges of being a grazer/browser?

A

Chemical defences evolved by prey species, as well as the small proportion of digestible material.

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4
Q

How do grazers/browsers overcome challenges?

A

Indigestible materials - enzymes, evolution of very long mid gut regions, aid of symbiotic bacteria. Also a large crop helps.

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5
Q

How is the american cockroach segmented?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen. 2 pairs of wings. 6 pairs of strong, spiny legs.

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6
Q

Head of cockroach

A

Flattened dorsoventrally, mouthparts extend posteriorly from narrow end. Head usually faces substratum.

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7
Q

Cockroach head when feeding

A

Face held vertically with the mouthparts located ventrally toward substratum

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8
Q

Cockroach mouthparts

A

Labrum and labium

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9
Q

Labrum of cockroach

A

Upper lip, sensory in function and helps press food against the mandibles.

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10
Q

Labium of cockroach

A

Lower lip, sensory in function and helps press food against the mandibles, have sensory palps.

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11
Q

How do cockroaches eat?

A

First stage: tearing and chewing by sclerotized edges of the mandibles and maxillae.

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12
Q

What are important features of the cockroach digestive system?

A

White fat body, tracheae, crop, digestive ceca, and malphigian tubules.

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13
Q

What is the function of a cockroach fat body?

A

storage of lipids, glycogen, protein reserves. stored food supports survival over long periods of starvation.
varies in size depending on extent of starvation.

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14
Q

Cockroach site for intermediary metabolism, amino acid synthesis, blood glucose regulation, vitamin synthesis, and uric acid storage.

A

Fat body

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15
Q

Where are the Cockroach tracheae located?

A

One pair from thorax to head, one pair beside the heart.

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16
Q

What is the function of the cockroach foregut?

A

Mechanical digestion, trituration, chemical digestion, storage

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17
Q

What is the function of the cockroach midgut?

A

Enzyme secretion, chemical digestion, absorption

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18
Q

What is the function of the cockroach hindgut?

A

Water reclamation, feces formation, storage. Also a storage kidney that secretes uric acid.

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19
Q

What are the components of the cockroach foregut?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus. Have white salivary glands in the esophagus.

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20
Q

What are the components of the cockroach midgut?

A

Midgut and digestive ceca

21
Q

What are the components of the cockroach hindgut?

A

Ileum, colon, rectum (ileum and colon combine to form intestine)

22
Q

What occurs in the cockroach crop?

A

May contain large air bubble. Hydrolysis occurs here, making use of enzymes from the salivary glands (amylase) and the digestive ceca

23
Q

What is the function of the cockroach proventriculus?

A

It is the gizzard. Has walls with teeth to chew food after the mandibles and maxillae have already started mechanical digestion.

24
Q

What is the function of the cockroach digestive ceca?

A

Beginning of midgut, it is 8 long fingerlike diverticula. Increase SA for absorption for secretion of enzymes

25
Q

These enzymes: invertase, lipase, maltase, protease, and lactase are produced where in the cockroach?

A

Digestive ceca and midgut.

26
Q

Long, slender, white, threadlike, blind-ending tubules in the cockrach, in 6 clusters

A

Malphigian tubules

27
Q

What is the function of the malphigian tubules?

A

Excretory and osmoregulatory.

28
Q

What does the cockroach rectum have that helps remove water from the forming feces?

A

The wall of the rectum has 6 rectal pads, reclaiming water when it is scarce.

29
Q

What do sea urchins eat?

A

Seaweed tissue and bacteria living in their gut.

30
Q

How do sea urchins eat?

A

Cilia create a water current to carry the food, also tube feet pass the food to the urchin’s mouth.

31
Q

What is the function of aristotle’s lantern?

A

Dental apparatus used to scrape algae and food from rocks.

32
Q

What kind of snail did we look at in lab?

A

Helix; garden snail.

33
Q

What makes the snail special?

A

It is a pulmonate gastropod with a vascular lung and NO GILL. The only successful terrestrial gastropods.

34
Q

What does the shell of the snail look like?

A

Coiled and torted. Covered by a thin layer called the periostracum.

35
Q

What is the snail aperture?

A

Large opening where the living animal portrudes

36
Q

What is the difference between dextral vs sinistral?

A

Snail shell aperture on the right = dextral, left = sinistral.

37
Q

What is a snail whorl?

A

Each coil of the shell = a whorl. Nuclear whorl = oldest part of shell, smallest whorl.

38
Q

What is the snail’s visceral mass?

A

Sits on dorsal surface of foot and coils up into spiral shell, asymmetrical.

39
Q

What is the function of the snail foot?

A

Large muscular organ

40
Q

How does air enter the snail’s “lung”?

A

Pneumostome, small opening

41
Q

How does blood travel in the snail?

A

From blood spaces and returns to the heart via vessels on the dorsal surface of the mantle cavity. Eventually lead to the heart.

42
Q

Snail Aorta

A

Large vessel from ventricle into the body.

43
Q

What does the snail buccal mass look like?

A

It is in the head, it is a large ovoid mass of muscle containing the pharynx and radula.

44
Q

What does the snail crop look like?

A

Dark, tubular, lies on the left, extends the length of the hemocoel.

45
Q

What does a snail use to eat?

A

Their radula.

46
Q

What is the function of a snail’s albumen gland?

A

Reproductive, secretes nutritive material around the fertilized egg.

47
Q

How do snails reproduce?

A

Hermaphroditic with internal fertilization. One snail drives a “love-dart” into the other’s body with muscular contractions of the dart sac. Dart sac penetrates the epidermis of the partner.

48
Q

What do the mucous glands look like in the snail and what are they used for?

A

Filamentous components. Secrete mucous for lubrication.

Zoo 3700 Lab Exam (18 decks)

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