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GREECE Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Greece’s geography influence?

A

Their history and culture

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2
Q

Peloponnesus

A

Southern part of Greece

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3
Q

What is Greece’s geography like?

A

A mountainous peninsula, little arable land, irregular coastline, between 3 seas

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4
Q

Impact of irregular coastline

A

Many ports and harbors

influence of the sea- trade, food, defense

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5
Q

Greece’s climate

A

mild, warm most of year, helped in agriculture, trade, affected clothing, food, lifestyle and architecture(open, airy buildings)

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6
Q

impact of climate

A

Ideal climate for grapes and olives/ olive oil and wine which were traded for grain

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7
Q

impact of mountains

A

Only 20% of land arable, poor rocky soil which lead to herding, fishing and trade –> cultural diffusion
Mountains hindered farming, communication and transportation, made country difficult to unite which often led to war between city-states

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8
Q

What 3 seas is Greece between?

A

Ionian, Aagean, and Mediterranean

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9
Q

Positives of Location

A

sits on both the east-west and north-south trade routes, with access to the Black Sea and
Also at juncture between land routes between Asia and Europe which led to wealth for Greece and cultural diffusion

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10
Q

Polis

A

Greek city-states

Walled cities and control of their surrounding countryside

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11
Q

Acropolis

A

the “high city”- built on a hill at the center of the polis
Dedicated to the gods, used for defense
Below it was the walled city

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12
Q

Agora

A

a Greek market

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13
Q

Monarchy

A

A gov’t with a hereditary ruler who maintains power

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14
Q

Aristocracy

A

A group of wealthy, land-owning elites

In Greece, they were the early defenders of the city and protected the kind

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15
Q

Oligarchy

A

Gov’t ruled by a small group of elites

Became form of gov’t in Greece with the aristocracy as the rulers

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16
Q

Impact of iron weapons on life in Greece

A

Iron weapons were less expensive and easier to produce than bronze ones so ordinary citizens could afford them
This led to bigger armies and broke the power of the aristocrats

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17
Q

Phalanx

A

new military formation of highly disciplined ranks of spear & sword carrying soldiers (porcupine)

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18
Q

What did Sparta stress?

A

obedience, loyalty, militry, athleticism and martial skills

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19
Q

What did Athens stress?

A

the intellect, perfection, beauty, the “complete person”- mind+body

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20
Q

Location of Sparta

A

old, landlocked, isolated Greek city-state located in Laconia, on the southern Peloponnesus

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21
Q

Helots

A

Spartan slaves

Original inhabitants of the area, conquered and enslaved by the Dorians(Spartans’ ancestors)

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22
Q

Spartan gov’t

A

Totalitarin-Oligarchy-Monarchy
2 Kings supported by a council of 28 elders/advisors
Also an Assembly of citizens met once each year to approve gov’t decisions

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23
Q

Ephors

A

Spartans who were chosen by the Assembly- acted as overseers of daily life and the helots

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24
Q

infanticide

A

the purposeful killing of unwanted or “un-desirable” babies at birth. Ephors inspected them at birth- any with abnormalities or didn’t “fit” would be killed.

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25
Military training for males in Sparta
At age 7, boys were sent to live in military barracks and taught to read, write and fight At age 20, they were married and at age 30 they became citizens and were give land and slaves.
26
Life of Spartan females
Absolute obedience to husbands and fathers, daily military training or exercise, expected to defend the polis while the men were at war, treated with respect and some degree of equality
27
Unique things about Sparta
Totally isolated, forbidden to travel, little trade Literate, but laconic (use as few words as possible) No coined $$ Few arts, few contributions to western civ.
28
Location of Athens
on the sea in an area called Attica
29
Early Athenian gov't
Landowners (aristocrats) held the power in society They chose officials, were the judges at trials and were the army. Soldiers, foreign born artisans, and small farmers resented the power of the aristocracy
30
Direct Democracy
Citizens vote directly on all issues and represent themselves. Does not work with big pops. In athens, not everyone could vote because not everyone was considered a citizen. No slaves, no women and no foreigners. The Council of 500 proposed laws and the Assembly of all "citizens" voted on them
31
Solon
"the Wise" | Athenian aristocrat who created reforms in an attempt to make everyone happy
32
Solon's reforms
Government: opened up more gov't offices to the public and gave citizenship to some foreigners and gave the Assembly more say in decisions Social: Outlawed debt slavery and freed existing debt slaves Economic: increased export of wine and olive oil and outlawed exportation of wheat
33
Tyrants
People of Athens who rose up and gained power by force- gained support of merchants and the poor by making reforms to please them
34
Pisistratus
An Athenian tyrant who helped farmers by taking land from nobles and giving loans
35
Cleisthenes
An Athenian tyrant who created the Council of 500 of citizens over 30 to propose laws, made the assembly a true legislature to approve or veto laws
36
Athenian women
Not citizens, no legal rights, were married at 14-16 yrs (arranged marriage), lived in seclusion in the home, managed the home and the slaves
37
Athenian education
Men were tutored by slaves | All "citizens" required to have 2 yrs of military training
38
Similarities between Greek city-states
same religion (polytheistic) , language, similar style of art and architecture, all followed city-state structure
39
The Minoans
Sea-faring traders from the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea- controlled trade in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Captial= Knossos- no defensive walls (on island)
40
Frescoes
Minoan painted ceramics/pottery, swords, figurines, large metal urns Helped cultural diffusion along trade routes
41
Disappearance of Minoan civ
A mystery, but volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are thought to have destroyed the cities, the Minoans never recovered
42
The Mycenaeans
Located on the Peoponnesus Had polis Ruled by militaristic warrior kings Had long distance sea trade--> cultural diffusion
43
The Trojan war
10 year war between the Mycenaean king and the independent city-state of Troy in Turkey Over kidnapping of Greek king Helen? The control of the trade routes?
44
Heinrich Schliemann
German archaeologist who excavated a site from the period
45
The Dorians
Ancestors of the Spartans Northern Greeks who moved into the area Less advanced, illiterate
46
"The Greek Dark Ages"
Period when the Dorians ruled Greece Greek's culture and movement toward advanced civ took a huge step back during this period Written language was not allowed, people were enslaved, tension, warfare, etc.
47
Homer
A blind Dorian story-teller and poet who composed 2 epic poems- the Iliad and the Odyssey Both are about mythology and Greek ideals and morals
48
Long term Causes of the Persian Wars
Persian power and influence expanded- they desired control of Greek territory Competition for trade along the Aagean Sea
49
Immediate cause of Persian Wars
Miletus- a Greek city-state in Persia revolted against Persian rule Athens sent aid Miletus' revolt was crushed by Persian emperor Darius despite aid from Greece Darius attacked the Greek mainland in revenge for their interference in the Miletian revolt
50
Battle of Marathon
Darius landed his army at Marathon with the intention of marching on Athens Athens defeated the Persians despite being massively outnumbered
51
Pheidippides
The "father of the Olympic Marathon" Athenian messenger who was sent to Sparta for aid during the Battle of Marathon Ran 145 miles in 2 days then died
52
Themistocles
Athenian leader/general who convinced Athens to build a strong navy in prep for another Persian invasion
53
Xerxes
Son of Persian emperor Darius Attempted to uphold his fathers dying wish to destroy Athens Sent people to Athens demanding that they surrender, which was refused.
54
Battle of Thermopylae
Huge Persian force landed on northern Greek mainland to march south on Athens through the mountains The Greeks (Spartans, Thesbians, Thebans) were outnumbered, but led by Leonidas, delayed the Persians for 3 days- forcing them to seek another route The delay allowed Athens to evacuate and prepare a trap at Salamis for the Persian navy The Spartans died to the last man Athens was burned and looted by the Persian army
55
Battle of Salamis
The Athenians trapped the large, slow Persian navy fleet in the narrows of Salamis, then attacked with many smaller, faster boats The Athenians destryoed the Persians One of the last major engagements of the Persian Wars
56
Aristodemus
Only Spartan survivor from the Battle of Thermopylae
57
Results of Persian War
Athens emerged as the wealthiest, most powerful Greek city-state and began their golden age The Delian League was formed Athens developed into an empire
58
The Delian League
A defensive alliance of polis against future Persian attacks Athens dominated the League and collected money from the members Athens gained money and power from the Delian League and allowed them to take colonies and develop into an empire
59
Pericles
A wise ruler who re-built Athens after it was burned in the Battle of Thermopylae, improved the economy, built the Parthenon and moved Athens toward a direct democracy Greatest ruler of Athens Ruled during Athens' golden age Under his rule, Athens became the cultural leader of Greece Supported the arts, rebuilt the Acropolis
60
The expansion of Athenian democracy
The Assembly of citizens met to review and approve laws The council of 500 of Athenian citizens proposed laws and were paid a stipend for their service Male citizens over 30 were also chosen to serve on juries
61
Ostracism
Most popular punishment in Athenian democracy | Banishment/exile for 10 years
62
The Peloponnesian League
An anti-Athenian alliance led by Sparta | Opposed Athenian dominance of the Delian League
63
The Peloponnesian War
Dispute between Athens and Corinth Became a bigger war as city-states chose sides Persia even supported Sparta Athens dominated the Sea, while Sparta dominated the land and surrounded Athens Pericles moved population within the city walls War continued for 27 years until Sparta along with the Persian navy blockaded Athenian ports and Athens surrendered to Sparta
64
Results of the Peloponesian War
The Athenian empire ended and so did their dominance over trade in the Aegean Sea Ended Athenian golden age Ended Greek alliances All city-states weakened
65
Philosophers
"lovers of wisdom" Tried to use logic and reason to discover the laws of the universe Many were interested in ethics and morality as well as the best type of gov't to control human behavior
66
Sophists
Politics became a popular career in Athens after the Pelop. War Men used rhetoric, or the power of public speaking to advance their careers Were seen as a threat to democracy
67
Socrates
Athenian philosopher Developed the "socratic method" of asking one question that led to the next Taught people to question things Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens- found guilty and given death penalty Killed himself
68
Plato
Student of Socrates Opened his own school- The Academy Wrote down Socrates' teachings His most famous book is The Republic
69
Aristotle
Best student of Plato Began his own school- The Lyceum Became the tutor of Alexander the Great Developed the Syllogism- a form of reasoning where every truth comes from other truths- later developed into the scientific method Follow the "golden mean"- all things in moderation
70
Greek Art & Architecture
Balance, order, beauty | Human form portrayed as life life, but idealized or perfect- not realistic
71
Herodotus
Famous Athenian historian Witnessed Battle of Thermopylae and recorded it Wrote about Greek's knowledge of the world and culture and influenced European beliefs about Asia and Africa
72
Sapho
poet- wrote poems about love and home
73
Pindar
poet- wrote odes to honor athletes
74
Aeschylus
Playwright of tragedies with revenge and betrayal themes
75
Sophocles
Playwright of tragedies with moral themes
76
Aristophanes
Playwright of comedies that mocked people and customs
77
Phillip II
King of Macedonia(northern Greek kingdom) Father of Alex the Great Admired Greek culture Conquered and united the Greek city-statess Assassinated before he could conquer Persia
78
Alexander the Great
Son of Phillip II Became King of Macedonia and Greece Attacked the Persians and conquered all of the Asia Minor (Persia, India, The middle east and Egypt) Combined Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian culture---> major cultural diffusion
79
Hellenism
Good ex. of cultural diffusion | Alexander and his armies spread Greek culture throughout his empire, which it blended with other cultures
80
Hellenistic Scientific Achievements
increased medical knowledge increased astronomy knowledge Geometry, Alegra, Physics
81
Euclid
Wrote The Elements: a summary of advanced geometry and mathematical learning at the time
82
Pythagoras
calculated relationships in a right triangle- Pythagorean Theorm
83
Hippocrates
Greek physician- causes and cures of diseases
84
Archimedes
The father of physics- simple machines | Invented the double pulley and the catapault

Global 10 (12 decks)

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