The Reformation

Question 1

Underlying causes of the Reformation

Answer 1

The church lost the support of the working poor/common people
People were dissatisfied with the lavish lifestyle of the Church
The middle class became more educated and literacy went up- people read the bible and thought the church was too feudal and old-fashioned
Kings and Ruling princes were commonly in conflict with the church and disputed over issues and who was to control things

Question 2

The Tone of the Reformation

Answer 2

National pride

Questioning attitude

Question 3

Religious causes of the Reformation

Answer 3

Simony- selling church positions
Immorality and Nepotism- violation of the celibacy rule, neglecting religious duties
Sale of Indulgences- forgiveness of sins is sold for money used to fund church activities and buildings
The Great Schismm- 3 popes at one time, people didn’t forget and are just about fed up
Failure of Reformers like John Wycliff and Jan Hus who were burned at the stake

Question 4

Political causes of the Reformation

Answer 4

Monarchs/Leaders wanted to reduce Church influence in government affairs
The pope was considered a foreign ruler

Question 5

Economic causes of the Reformation

Answer 5

Rising middle class and peasants and rulers all resented Church taxes, as most of the money was sent to Rome for projects and stuff there
The Kings wanted to control the Church's landholdings throughout Europe.

Question 6

Intellectual cause of the Reformation

Answer 6

The Renaissance encouraged questioning of Church’s teachings- weakened respect for the Church’s authority

Question 7

Martin Luther***

Answer 7

German monk, lawyer
Professor at University of Wittenberg
Was caught in a huge storm, promised to enter the seminary if he survived, which he did.

Question 8

The Incident of 1517***

Answer 8

The issue that initiated the reformation
Pope Leo X wanted to build St. Peters Basilica in Rome, so sold indulgences
Needed more $$ to build the Basilica and pay back the banks

Question 9

Johann Tetzel

Answer 9

A Monk authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences in Germany
Raised funds for the Church/Pope Leo

Question 10

The 95 Theses

Answer 10

Martin Luther nailed these 95 questions/requests for debate&reform
This was the medieval way of initiating debate
Pope Leo ignores him.

Question 11

Martin Luther’s Basic Beliefs (7)

Answer 11

1. Salvation through faith alone, not good works too
2. Religious authority= Bible, not Pope
3. People should read&interpret the Bible for themselves, not ask a Pope or religious authority
4. Marry of clergy should be permitted
5. Seven Sacraments down to 2- Baptism&Communion
6. Rejected Transubstantiation(transformation from body&blood to bread&wine)- bread&wine undergo spiritual change
7. Kings are supreme authority in all matters except for religious ones

Question 12

Pope Leo’s Papel Bull

Answer 12

Demanded that Martin Luther take back everything he had said or be burned at the stake
Luther burned the Papel Bull publicly and was exocommunicated

Question 13

Diet of Worms

Answer 13

Luther was ordered to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and German nobility and was told to take back everything, or be declared a heretic and leave the HRE

Question 14

Frederick the Wise of Saxony

Answer 14

Took Luther up to Saxony and protected him from Charles V and others who were after him

Question 15

The Initial Formation of Lutheranism

Answer 15

While Luther was in Saxony under protection, he organized a new religions with all his beliefs and translated the Bible into German

Question 16

The Spread of Lutheranism

Answer 16

In the 1520s it spread to Northern Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Kings/Rulers took church property
Caused the north/south split between Lutheranism and Catholicism

Question 17

Peace of Aunsburg

Answer 17

In 1555 Charles V, The HRE, was forced to accept this peace treaty which declared the permanent division of Germany into Lutheranism and Catholicism areas and that The political ruler of each kingdom would determine that kingdom’s religion

Question 18

Henry VIII

Answer 18

English Catholic King- “Defender of Faith” who married many women in order to get a male heir
To divorce his first wife, went to the pope to ask for an annulment of the marriage, but the pope refused, then went to parliament and asked them to end the Pope’s authority in England

Question 19

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 19

Wife #1 of Henry VIII

Mother of Mary

Question 20

Anne Boleyn

Answer 20

Wife #2 of Henry VIII
Mother of Elizabeth I
Was killed after she didn’t get Henry VIII a male heir

Question 21

Act of Supremacy of 1534

Answer 21

Made the king (Henry VIII) the head of England’s church- not the pope

Question 22

Jane Seymour

Answer 22

Wife #3 of Henry VIII

Mother of Edward VI

Question 23

Edward VI

Answer 23

son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
was a weakling
Became king of England at at 9, then died at age 16

Question 24

Mary

Answer 24

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine
“Bloody Mary”
Became Queen of England and returned it to Catholicism
Persecutes and kills many prominent protestants (over 275)
Imprisoned her half-sister Elizabeth

Question 25

Elizabeth I

Answer 25

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Became Queen of England after Mary Reformed Church of England- Anglican Church- priests allowed to marry and sermons were in the English vernacular

Question 26

The Spanish Armada

Answer 26

Spanish King Philip II wanted to reclaim England for Catholicism and punish Elizabeth/England for supporting Dutch protestants against the Spanish 130 ships, 8000 sailors and 19000 troops were sent to England and were destroyed by small, fast English ships then destroyed by storms UNSUCCESSFUL

Question 27

Predestination

Answer 27

Concept of John Calvin | "God alone knows who has been chosen for salvation, you can't earn it or change it"

Question 27

John Calvin

Answer 27

French Lutheran who fled to Switzerland Came up with Predestination Ran the city of Geneva, Switzerland as a theocracy Began Calvinism- scared rulers who believed in attending religious classes, no bright colors, no gambling and no blasphemy

Question 28

John Knox

Answer 28

Scottish Protestant preacher Created Lutheranism Helped the laymen of Scotland over throw Catholic Queen of Scotland Began Presbyterianism

Question 29

Huguentos

Answer 29

French Protestants | Had to defend themselves against attacks

Question 30

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Answer 30

Catholics murdered Protestants in France Lasted over 6 months approx. 12000 were killed many fled to the New World

Question 31

Anabaptists

Answer 31

Protestant group that believed in only baptizing adults The Bible was the source for Christians Chruch/state separation Lived communally Refused to fight in wars Early Amish & Mennonites Later influenced Quakers, Baptists and Methodists

Question 32

The Counter Reformation

Answer 32

aka The Catholic Reformation | goal= to bring the protestants and their land back into the church

Question 33

Ignatius Loyola

Answer 33

Became a priest his followers= Jesuits aka The Society of Jesus Built schools, coverted non-christians, tried to stop the spread of protestantism

Question 34

Pope Paul III

Answer 34

part of the papal reform- reformer?? investigated indulgences and other criticisms of the church approved the Jesuits part of the Inquisition Called the Council of Trent to discuss church reforms

Question 35

The Inquisiton

Answer 35

priests tasked with rooting out and punishing heretics (protestants and jews)

Question 36

Council of Trent & the 4 things they decided on

Answer 36

Called by Pope Paul III to discuss Church reforms Decided: 1. The church's interpretation of the Bible is FINAL 2. Faith AND good works are necessary for salvation 3. The Bible AND church traditions were guides for Christians 4. Indulgences were valid forms of faith

Question 37

Pope Paul IV

Answer 37

Created Index of Forbidden Books

Question 38

Index of Forbidden Books

Answer 38

created by Pope Paul IV List of books that were "dangerous" to Catholic faith Bishops & priests gathered these books and burned them

Question 39

The Legacy of the Reformation

Answer 39

Protestantism and its many varieties flourished and spread around the world Religious wars rose then faded after Catholics and Protestants realized neither of them were going anywhere As church power declined, the power of kings and nations rose, paving the way for modern European nations Led to many more religious/political conflicts in the future, some of which are still around today