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Earth rocks final exam Anjola > Green Cards > Flashcards

Green Cards Flashcards

1
Q

earthquake

A

sudden release of stored energy because of a slippage along the fault in earths crust

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2
Q

big bang

A

splattered radiation where particles formed to form the galaxy aka Earth (E = mass x speed of light)

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3
Q

biosphere

A

the ecosystems and biology in atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere

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4
Q

baymouth bar

A

a sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean

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5
Q

seawalls

A

Protects shoreline from breaking waves

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6
Q

Primary waves

A

push-pull motion that changes the volume of the intervening material. Travels through solids, liquids and gases

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7
Q

Secondary waves

A

shear motion at right angles to their direction of travel. Travels only through solids

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8
Q

whats the deepest below the earths crust

A

reached by Hamn was 12.3k in the earths crust

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9
Q

Whats the MMI scale used for

A

used to describe the earthquakes intensity

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10
Q

richter magnitude

A

measures the amplitude height of the largest recorded wave at a specific distance from the seismic source

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11
Q

Intensity

A

semi quantitative measure of the observed effects of an earthquake on the natural and human built environment

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12
Q

epicenter

A

the point where circles of epicentral distance intersect

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13
Q

what formed seafloor spreading

A

formed concepts of plate tectonics

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14
Q

where are the oldest ridges found

A

by the edges of the continents

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15
Q

where are the youngest ridges found

A

along the crest mid ocean ridges

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16
Q

name of Wegners continental drift

A

PANGEA

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17
Q

seafloor spreading

A

formation of new areas of oceanic crust. Occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid ocean ridges

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18
Q

water particle motion & wave base

A

-the molecules that move in circular motion (water particle motion)
-the circular motion disappears once it gets deep (wave base line)

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19
Q

wave height

A

vertical distance between trough and crest

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20
Q

wave length

A

horizontal distance between wave crests

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21
Q

shorelines

A

erosional and depositional processes combine along coasts to create landscapes that undergo rapid change

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22
Q

Spit

A

elongated ridge of sand that projects from land into the mouth of an adjacent bay

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23
Q

Rayleigh waves and love waves

A
  • move the surface of the earth around in a circle, forward and down then back and up (rayleigh)
    -shake the surface side to side (love)
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24
Q

convection

A

hot mantle rock rises, cools, sinks and drags plates along

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25
Q

S waves minute difference

A

5 minutes

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26
Q

3 types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent, Convergent and Transform plate boundaries

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27
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

two plates moving away from each other (new oceanic mantle is formed)

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28
Q

Convergent plate boundaries

A

two plates approaching each other (mantle is consumed)

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29
Q

Transform plate boundaries

A

two plates move alongside one another (nothing changes)

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30
Q

ridge push

A

plates slide down the flank of mid ocean ridges under the downward push of gravity

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31
Q

slab pull

A

the dense, leading edge of a plate pulls the rest of the plate down into the mantle

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32
Q

earthquake impacts

A

-surface rupture
-shaking leading to buildings falling and fires
-subsidence
-tsunami waves

33
Q

Tsunami

A

tsu=harbour
nami=wave
results from a vertical displacement along the fault located on the ocean floor, a large undersea landslide triggered by an earthquake

34
Q

Tides

A

repetitive daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface due to gravitational attract

35
Q

notion of mantle convection

A

if crust is consumed by the mantle in some places and extruded in others, there is a form of cycling within the mantle itself

36
Q

negatives of groins

A

sand erodes on the down current side

37
Q

Lower intensity =

A

felt observations

38
Q

Higher intensity=

A

damage observations

39
Q

Wave cut cliffs

A

where erosion dominates over deposition, some distinctive features can be formed by the erosive power of waves

40
Q

how old is the oldest oceanic crust

A

4 billion years old

41
Q

A-P-S time travel graph

A

the time elapsed between the first arrivals of p and s waves. Can be scaled to an equivalent distance from the recording station and the earthquake epicenter

42
Q

Isostasy

A

the equillibrium that exists between parts of the earths crust

43
Q

How are ocean basins formed in the first place

A

-heat builds up under the continent
-continental litoshpere warps upward and thins
-Astenosphere rock wells up and melts
-Mafic magma rises to produce oceanic crust in rift valley

44
Q

Triple junctions

A

a point where the boundaries of three tectonic plates meet

45
Q

whats the upper and lower part of the crust made of

A

upper crust = basalt
lower crust = gabbro

46
Q

what are some consequences of plate tectonics

A

-mud deposited offshore
-sand occurs close to shoreline
-classic sediments are derived from wearing down of mountains that owe their existence to the convergence of plates

47
Q

Foreshore

A

lower wet part of the beach

48
Q

backshore

A

upper part of the beach

49
Q

as tides rise what happens

A

flood currents

50
Q

wind generated waves

A

provides most of the energy that shapes and modifies shorelines

51
Q

wave period

A

the time it takes for two successive waves/crests to pass a given point

52
Q

when do waves feel bottom

A

at a water depth equal to half their wave length

53
Q

which way do sand particles move

A

zig zag pattern (5-10m per day)

54
Q

whats a plate tectonic

A

a rigid slab that connects with other rigid slabs that comprise earths rocky shell

55
Q

mid ocean ridge

A

magnetic polarity of magnetite crystals within the ocean floor

56
Q

magnitude

A

quantitative measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake based on seismic wave characteristics

57
Q

mantle convection

A

the movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere. The mantle is heated below and cooled from above

58
Q

atmosphere

A

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet

59
Q

hydrosphere

A

the water on earth, the planet, underground and in the air

60
Q

renewable energy sources

A

-hydroelectric power
-wind energy
-tidal energy
-wave energy
-solar energy
-geothermal energy

61
Q

geosphere

A

the rocks and minerals on earth, the solid parts on earth

62
Q

barrier islands

A

built up sediment that are separated from mainland by a lagoon

63
Q

beach nourishment

A

adding sand to a beach

64
Q

Inertia

A

a bulge in the ocean. Develops on both sides of the earth

65
Q

earthquake intensity is measured by?

A

measured by the observed effects to natural environments and human built environments

66
Q

Swash

A

the sheet of water that moves up the beach after the wave breaks

67
Q

backwash over swash =

A

distructive

68
Q

swash over backwash =

A

constructive

69
Q

waves in shallow water

A

the closer the waves get to shore the smaller the wavelength gets and the higher the wave height will become

70
Q

how much energy is derived from non renewable

A

80% worlds energy derived

71
Q

geothermal energy

A

-uses natural heat of the earth
-commercial scale systems centred on volcanically active areas
-heat to produce steam to turn turbines to generate electricity

72
Q

FWWB

A

fair weather wave base = the maximum water depth affected by normal day to day

73
Q

Photovaltic cells

A

silicon conductors convert sunlight to electricity

74
Q

long term effects

A

carbon dioxide emissions (greenhouse effect, global warming)

75
Q

Green house effects

A

solar radiation reflected from surface some absorbed

76
Q

Shoreface

A

mostly sand swept away by fairweather waves

77
Q

SWB

A

storm wave base = water depth affected by storm waves

78
Q

Tidal deltas

A

-gaps in barrier/island systems that are produced by tidal channels
-allows water to pass back and forth during rising and falling tides

79
Q

Longshore currents

A

easily move the fine suspended sand and roll larger sand and gravel along the bottom

Earth rocks final exam Anjola (3 decks)

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