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Earth rocks final exam Anjola > Green Cards > Flashcards

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1
Q

earthquake

A

sudden release of stored energy because of a slippage along the fault in earths crust

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2
Q

big bang

A

splattered radiation where particles formed to form the galaxy aka Earth (E = mass x speed of light)

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3
Q

biosphere

A

the ecosystems and biology in atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere

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4
Q

baymouth bar

A

a sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean

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5
Q

seawalls

A

Protects shoreline from breaking waves

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6
Q

Primary waves

A

push-pull motion that changes the volume of the intervening material. Travels through solids, liquids and gases

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7
Q

Secondary waves

A

shear motion at right angles to their direction of travel. Travels only through solids

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8
Q

whats the deepest below the earths crust

A

reached by Hamn was 12.3k in the earths crust

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9
Q

Whats the MMI scale used for

A

used to describe the earthquakes intensity

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10
Q

richter magnitude

A

measures the amplitude height of the largest recorded wave at a specific distance from the seismic source

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11
Q

Intensity

A

semi quantitative measure of the observed effects of an earthquake on the natural and human built environment

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12
Q

epicenter

A

the point where circles of epicentral distance intersect

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13
Q

what formed seafloor spreading

A

formed concepts of plate tectonics

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14
Q

where are the oldest ridges found

A

by the edges of the continents

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15
Q

where are the youngest ridges found

A

along the crest mid ocean ridges

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16
Q

name of Wegners continental drift

A

PANGEA

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17
Q

seafloor spreading

A

formation of new areas of oceanic crust. Occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid ocean ridges

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18
Q

water particle motion & wave base

A

-the molecules that move in circular motion (water particle motion)
-the circular motion disappears once it gets deep (wave base line)

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19
Q

wave height

A

vertical distance between trough and crest

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20
Q

wave length

A

horizontal distance between wave crests

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21
Q

shorelines

A

erosional and depositional processes combine along coasts to create landscapes that undergo rapid change

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22
Q

Spit

A

elongated ridge of sand that projects from land into the mouth of an adjacent bay

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23
Q

Rayleigh waves and love waves

A
  • move the surface of the earth around in a circle, forward and down then back and up (rayleigh)
    -shake the surface side to side (love)
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24
Q

convection

A

hot mantle rock rises, cools, sinks and drags plates along

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25
S waves minute difference
5 minutes
26
3 types of plate boundaries
Divergent, Convergent and Transform plate boundaries
27
Divergent plate boundaries
two plates moving away from each other (new oceanic mantle is formed)
28
Convergent plate boundaries
two plates approaching each other (mantle is consumed)
29
Transform plate boundaries
two plates move alongside one another (nothing changes)
30
ridge push
plates slide down the flank of mid ocean ridges under the downward push of gravity
31
slab pull
the dense, leading edge of a plate pulls the rest of the plate down into the mantle
32
earthquake impacts
-surface rupture -shaking leading to buildings falling and fires -subsidence -tsunami waves
33
Tsunami
tsu=harbour nami=wave results from a vertical displacement along the fault located on the ocean floor, a large undersea landslide triggered by an earthquake
34
Tides
repetitive daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface due to gravitational attract
35
notion of mantle convection
if crust is consumed by the mantle in some places and extruded in others, there is a form of cycling within the mantle itself
36
negatives of groins
sand erodes on the down current side
37
Lower intensity =
felt observations
38
Higher intensity=
damage observations
39
Wave cut cliffs
where erosion dominates over deposition, some distinctive features can be formed by the erosive power of waves
40
how old is the oldest oceanic crust
4 billion years old
41
A-P-S time travel graph
the time elapsed between the first arrivals of p and s waves. Can be scaled to an equivalent distance from the recording station and the earthquake epicenter
42
Isostasy
the equillibrium that exists between parts of the earths crust
43
How are ocean basins formed in the first place
-heat builds up under the continent -continental litoshpere warps upward and thins -Astenosphere rock wells up and melts -Mafic magma rises to produce oceanic crust in rift valley
44
Triple junctions
a point where the boundaries of three tectonic plates meet
45
whats the upper and lower part of the crust made of
upper crust = basalt lower crust = gabbro
46
what are some consequences of plate tectonics
-mud deposited offshore -sand occurs close to shoreline -classic sediments are derived from wearing down of mountains that owe their existence to the convergence of plates
47
Foreshore
lower wet part of the beach
48
backshore
upper part of the beach
49
as tides rise what happens
flood currents
50
wind generated waves
provides most of the energy that shapes and modifies shorelines
51
wave period
the time it takes for two successive waves/crests to pass a given point
52
when do waves feel bottom
at a water depth equal to half their wave length
53
which way do sand particles move
zig zag pattern (5-10m per day)
54
whats a plate tectonic
a rigid slab that connects with other rigid slabs that comprise earths rocky shell
55
mid ocean ridge
magnetic polarity of magnetite crystals within the ocean floor
56
magnitude
quantitative measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake based on seismic wave characteristics
57
mantle convection
the movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere. The mantle is heated below and cooled from above
58
atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet
59
hydrosphere
the water on earth, the planet, underground and in the air
60
renewable energy sources
-hydroelectric power -wind energy -tidal energy -wave energy -solar energy -geothermal energy
61
geosphere
the rocks and minerals on earth, the solid parts on earth
62
barrier islands
built up sediment that are separated from mainland by a lagoon
63
beach nourishment
adding sand to a beach
64
Inertia
a bulge in the ocean. Develops on both sides of the earth
65
earthquake intensity is measured by?
measured by the observed effects to natural environments and human built environments
66
Swash
the sheet of water that moves up the beach after the wave breaks
67
backwash over swash =
distructive
68
swash over backwash =
constructive
69
waves in shallow water
the closer the waves get to shore the smaller the wavelength gets and the higher the wave height will become
70
how much energy is derived from non renewable
80% worlds energy derived
71
geothermal energy
-uses natural heat of the earth -commercial scale systems centred on volcanically active areas -heat to produce steam to turn turbines to generate electricity
72
FWWB
fair weather wave base = the maximum water depth affected by normal day to day
73
Photovaltic cells
silicon conductors convert sunlight to electricity
74
long term effects
carbon dioxide emissions (greenhouse effect, global warming)
75
Green house effects
solar radiation reflected from surface some absorbed
76
Shoreface
mostly sand swept away by fairweather waves
77
SWB
storm wave base = water depth affected by storm waves
78
Tidal deltas
-gaps in barrier/island systems that are produced by tidal channels -allows water to pass back and forth during rising and falling tides
79
Longshore currents
easily move the fine suspended sand and roll larger sand and gravel along the bottom

Earth rocks final exam Anjola (3 decks)

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