Green Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What two things must a designer know about space before the necessary number of exits can be determined?
A
Before a designer can determine how many of these are needed, both the floor area and the occupancy group must be known.
2
Q
What are the four stages of a product life cycle?
A
The stages of this process include:
- raw material acquisition
- manufacturing
- use and maintenance
- disposal
3
Q
What is embodied energy?
A
This is the energy required by a product or material for its extraction as a raw material, initial processing, and subsequent manufacture into a finished product.
4
Q
In terms of its sustainability, what are the primary advantages and disadvantages of aluminum as a construction material?
A
This material has a high potential for recycling, but it requires a large amount of energy for its manufacture.
5
Q
What is composite wood veneer?
A
This is a product made by slicing readily available, fast-growing trees into veneers, dyeing the veneers, and then gluing them together to create an artificial log. The log is then re-sliced to produce a variety of wood veneers.
6
Q
What is building commissioning?
A
This is the process of inspecting, testing, starting up, and adjusting building systems and then verifying that the systems are operating as intended and then they meet the design criteria.
7
Q
What is displacement ventilation?
A
This is an air distribution system in which supply air originates at floor level and rises to return air grilles in the ceiling.
8
Q
What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?
A
These are chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen and that vaporize at room temperature and pressure.
9
Q
What are nine common biological contaminates often found in buildings?
A
Nine common are: -mold -viruses -animal dander -mildew -mites -dust -bacteria -pollen -insects
10
Q
What are five common hazardous materials found in existing buildings?
A
Five common ones are: 1. asbestos 2. vermiculite 3. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) 4. lead 5. radon
11
Q
What is adaptive reuse?
A
This is the practice of reusing exciting buildings and materials from buildings as much as possible.
12
Q
What are post-industrial (or pre-consumer) materials?
A
These are scrap or trim materials generated in the manufacturing process that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste.
13
Q
What does post-consumer mean?
A
This adjective describes a material or product that has served its intended use and has been recovered from waste destined for disposal.
14
Q
What is programming?
A
This is the process undertaken before design during which all pertinent information about a project is collected and analyzed.
15
Q
According to the book PROBLEM SEEKING by William Pena, et al., what are the five steps in the programming process?
A
The five steps in this process are: 1. establish goals 2. collect facts 3. uncover concepts 4. determine needs 5. state the problem
16
Q
How does a programmatic concept differ from a design concept?
A
The first is a performance requirement that is related to general methods of solving a problem or satisfying a need. The second is a specific physical response that is an attempt to satisfy the first.
17
Q
In terms of the programming process, what are the three components of flexibility?
A
The three components of this aspect of programming are: 1. expandability 2. convertibility 3. versatility
18
Q
What four types of information should be included in every programming document?
A
Every document of this kind should list: -the client’s goals and objective -required spaces and area requirements -required adjacencies between spaces -specific client requirements for budget, schedule, furnishings, equipment, and mechanical and electrical systems.
19
Q
What are the four possible ratings for a LEED-certified project?
A
From highest to lowest, the possible ratings for these projects are: -platinum -gold -silver -certified
20
Q
What type of workflow is represented by this diagram?
A
This is a graphic representation of departmental workflow.
21
Q
What type of conceptual plan arrangement could be used as a nondirectional way to focus attention on a space?
A
A centralized plan arrangement could be used to accomplish this.
22
Q
What type of circulation pattern is generally the most efficient and flexible?
A
A linear layout (also called a dumbbell layout) is generally the most efficient and flexible of these.
23
Q
What voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings was established by the U.S. Green Building Council?
A
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) was established by this organization.
24
Q
What activities does Greenguard Environmental Institute conduct?
A
This organization tests products for acceptable indoor air quality standards and registers the products it certifies.
25
What three activities does Scientific Certification Systems conduct?
This organization certifies: -environmentally related product attributes -environmentally preferable products -well-managed forests
26
What is the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)?
This nonprofit organization is devoted to encouraging the responsible management of the world's forests.
27
What is outgassing?
This is the release of toxic gases from material, typically after the material has been installed.
28
What is the primary concern related to indoor air quality and paint?
With this wall from finish, the primary concern related to indoor air quality is the level of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
29
What is sustainable design?
This term encompasses the various strategies employed to achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources and the removal of those resources throughout the entire life cycle of a building.
30
What type of conceptual plan arrangement is represented here?
This is a representation of an axial plan.
31
What type of volumetric relationship could be used to functionally and perceptually link two spaces?
An overlapping relationship could be used to accomplish this.
32
What client-approved document should be available to the designer before the schematic design process begins?
Good business practice requires that a client-approved program be available before this phase of work begins
33
What is the minimum diameter of a circle in which a wheelchair can turn?
The minimum diameter for this is 60 inches (1525 mm).
34
When a door is approached perpendicularly to its opening, what is the minimum maneuvering clearance for wheelchair access at the strike side of the door opening on the pull side of the door?
The minimum wheelchair maneuvering clearance in this situation is 18 inches (455 mm).
35
How high above the floor must a grab bar be mounted?
This accessibility feature must be mounted between 33 inches and 36 inches (840 mm and 915 mm) above the floor.
36
What is the maximum allowance slope for an accessible ramp?
The maximum slope for this accessibility feature is 1 vertical unit for every 12 horizontal units, or 8.33%.
37
In addition to a specific diameter and mounting height, what other handrail feature is required on an accessible stairway?
On an accessible stairway, this feature must extend beyond the upper and lower risers.
38
Where are detectable warnings required?
These are required on walking surfaces in front of hazardous vehicular areas.
39
According to ADAAG regulations, what is the maximum vertical reach dimension for accessibility?
The maximum dimension for this, for either a front or side approach, is 48 inches (1220 mm).
Under previous regulations, a 54 inches (1370 inches) dimension was allowed for a side.
40
What is the minimum clear floor space required to accommodate one stationary wheelchair?
The minimum clear floor space required for this is 30 inches x 48 inches (760 mm x 1220 mm).
41
What is the minimum dimension for the space label A?
The minimum width for this sort of passage is 32 inche
42
What is the minimum clear width of an accessible toilet stall?
60 inches (1,525 mm) is the minimum clear width for this accessibility feature.
43
To be classified as accessible, what is the maximum allowable vertical change in floor level?
To be classified as accessible, this construction element must not have a vertical change exceeding 1/4 inches (6mm).
44
For an accessible ramp, what is the maximum rise allowed between landings?
For an accessible ramp, this must be no more than 30 inches (760 mm)
45
According to ADAAG regulations, what two types of alarms are required for accessibility?
ADAAG regulations require these to be both audible and visible.
46
In accessibility regulations, what type of provision might require that a certain percentage of seating in an area be accessible.
This is an example of scoping provisions.
47
For a corridor in commercial construction, what minimum width is required, and what width is recommended?
The minimum width for this component of a space plan 44 inches (1,118 mm), but a recommended width is 60 inches (1,500 mm).
48
What are two sustainable types of wood flooring?
Two examples of this are:
- bambo
- palm wood
49
What type of construction element is shown, and what are the components label A, B, and C?
Is illustration shows a section of a standard wood doorframe in a wood stud partition, including the stop (component A), the casing trim (component B), and the shim (component C).
50
What are the components of a fire-rated door assembly?
These consist of the door itself (including glazing, if any), the frame, and the hardware.
51
What are the three most common types of interior glazing?
The three most common types are:
- float
- tempered
- laminated
52
What are the primary elements to make bronze?
Copper and tin are used to make this material.
53
What is a concrete masonry unit?
This building product, abbreviation CMU, is also commonly known as concrete block.
54
What is a sole plate?
This is a horizontal wood member that serves as the base for the studs in a wood stud partition.
55
What is mean radiant tempature?
This is a measure of the heat a person gains from or loses to his or her surroundings through radiation. It is used in assessing how comfortable a room is.
The value is a weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room (taking into account an occupant's angle of exposure to these surfaces) and any sunlight present.
56
In terms of wallboard partitions, what are the common differences between residential and commercial construction?
The first trypically uses 2x4 wood studs with 1/2 inch (13 mm) wallboard, while the second trypically uses metal studs with 5/8 inches (16 mm) wallboard.
57
What are the standard depths of metal studs?
Standard depths for these construction components are 1 5/8", 2 1/2", 3 5/8" 4", and 6" (41, 64, 92, 102, and 152 mm).
58
What is the generic name for fire-rated gypsum wallboard?
Type X is the generic name of this material.
59
What are advantages of using portland cement plaster as a finish material?
As a finish material, this has the advantages of being
* hard and abrasion resistant
* water resistant
* easily formed into surve and ornate surfaces
* a good base for wall tile
60
What are four disadvantages of using portland cement plaster as a finish material?
As a finish material, this has the disadvantages of being
* more expensive than gypsum wallboard
* slower to construct with than gypsum wallboard
* wet and messy to work with
* challenging to work with, thus requiring more-skilled labor
61
In this diagram of a door opening, what are the componentslabeled A, B, and C?
The three components shown are
* (A) a head
* (B) a jamb
* (C) a threshold
62
What is a pivot?
This is a type of hardware used to hang doors.
It consists of a rotating bottom pin and a corresponding pin at the top of the door.
63
What type of construction element is shown, and what are the components labeled A and B?
This illustration shows a suspended gypsum wallboard ceiling, including (A) a cold-rolled steel channel, sometimes called a black iron, and (B) a furring channel, sometimes called a hat channel.
64
What four characteristics distinguish a fire-rated, suspended acoustical ceiling from a non-rated standard ceiling?
The distinguishing characteristics of this type of ceiling are
* it is only *part* of an entire fire-rated floor/ ceiling assembly
* its tiles must be rated mineral tiles
* it uses hold-down clips
* it must have expansion slots in the grid
65
In regards to construction, what is a plenum?
In commercial construction, this is the space between the building structural roof or floor and the suspended ceiling.
66
What effect does an acoustical ceiling have on sound?
This construction element maily absorbs sound.
67
Stainless steel is primarily an alloy of steel and an additional element. Which one?
Chromium is added to steel to creat this material.
68
What process occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of water?
This process that occurs under thses conditions is galvanic action.
Galvanic action is a form of electrochemical corrosion in which one metal gives up electrons to the other, corroding quickly while slowing the other metal's corrosion.
69
What type of steel floor or roof framing system provides generous space in both directions for pipes, ducts, and conduit?
This is the primary benefit of an open-web steel joist system.
70
What are the two major types of concrete structural systems?
The two major types are
* cast-in-place
* precast
71
What type of concrete system is likely to be found where floor-to-floor heights are kept to a minimum?
A flat plate construction system would probably be used in this situation.
72
What type of precast structural member is often used to provide support as a beam and as floor decking?
A double-tee is often used in these two applications.
73
What are live loads?
These are the weights of people, furniture, and movable equipment.
74
What type of load is created on a building by the force of wind or an earthquake?
A lateral load on a building is caused by one of these forces.
75
What is required at the top of a partition to accommodate deflection of the floor above?
A slip joint is required at the top of a partition to compensate for this situation.
76
What is a core drill?
This is a small hole with a diameter of 2 inches to 4 inches (50 mm to 100 mm) drill through a concrete floor to accommodate conduit for electrical, telephone, and data wiring.
77
Why should post-tensioned concrete slabs never be cut into?
The tendons of this construction element should never be cut because they are under high stress.
78
What are joist, and what are they typically made of?
These are horizontal repetitive elements used to support floors. They are typically made from wood members with nominal width of 2 inches (50 mm).
79
What is the typical spacing for residential studs and joists?
These construction elements are typically spaced 16 inches (406 mm) on center.
80
What is a chase wall?
This consists of two runs of studs separated by a spae large enough to accommodate pipes.
81
What is an access door?
This is an opening used to provide access to mechanical and electrical components behind walls.
82
What electrical components are required for switches, outlets, lights, and locations where electrical conductors hae been spliced?
Junction boxes are required at these locations.
83
What is a dedicated circuit?
This is a circuit that contains a single electrical outlet.
84
What is a ground fault interrupter?
This is an electrical safety device that detects small current leaks and disconnects the power to a circuit.
85
What are the components labeled A through D, and what purpose does each serve?
* (A) stack vent: connects to soil or waste stack above the highest fixture
* (B) vent stack: a vent pipe that is separate from a soil or waste stack
* (C) soil stack: carries human waste
* (D) waste stack: carries wastes other than human waste
86
What is the purpose of plumbing trap?
This plumbing component holds a quantity of water to provide a seal that prevents gases from the sewage system from entering the building.
87
In regards to interior design, what is compartmentation?
This is the practice of separating areas of a building with fire-rated construction in order to contain a fire to one area and limit its spread.
88
What two methods are used to measure speech privacy in open offices?
Two methods used to measure this are
* articulation class
* articulation index
89
What are four types of fire detection devices?
Four types of these are
* photoelectric detectors
* rise-of-temperature detectors
* ionization detectors
* flame detectors
90
What is an intumescent material?
This a material that, when exposed to heat, expands rapidly and insulates or fills spaces to prevent the passage of fire and smoke.
91
What are the components labeled A through D?
These components are
* (A) run of the stair
* (B) tread
* (C) nosing
* (D) riser
92
What is a flight in a stairway?
This is a series of two or more risers between one floor or landing and the next.
93
What is a winding stairway?
This is a type of stairway that has tapered treads that are wider at one end than at the other.
94
What two materials have largely supplanted plywood in interior construction applications?
Particleboard and meduim-density fiberboard have generally supplanted this material in interior construction applications.
95
What is a jalouise window?
This window type consists of individual horizontal pieces of glass that all pivot outward at once for ventilation.
96
What are five causes of building movement that must be considered when detailing?
This may be caused by
* dead-load deflection
* lateral loading from wind or sismic activity
* water absorption
* live-load deflection
* temperature changes
97
What is tolerance?
This is the amont of allowable variation from a given line, dimension, or size.
98
What is direct glare?
This results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with a visual task.
99
What is veiling reflection?
This results when a reflection causes glare that interferes with a visual task.
100
What is a three-way switch?
This is a device that allows users to control a light from two different locations.
101
What is clerestory?
This is a vertically glazed area placed between two different roof levels to admit natural light.
102
What is the unit measure for the frequency of sound?
The hertz (Hz) is the unit of measure for this and is equal to one cycle per sound.
103
What is the unit of sound intensity, based on a logarithmic scale?
The decibel (dB) is the unit of measure for this.
104
What do most people perceive when a sound increases by 10 dB?
When a sound increases by this amount, most people perceive a doubling in loudness.
105
What frequency range can be heard by most healthy young people?
A range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
106
What are the two most important variables in controlling sound transmission through a building element?
The two most important variables affecting this are:
* mass
* stiffness
107
What is the sound transmission class (STC) of a partition?
This is a single-number rating of a partition's ability to reduce sound transmission.
108
What is the coefficient of absorption?
This is the ratio of sound intensity absorbed by a material to the total sound intensity reaching the material.
109
What is the noise reduction coefficient (NRC)?
This is a single-number average of a material's coefficient of absorption at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 200 Hz, rounded to the nearest .05
110
What is reverberation time?
This is the time it takes for the sound level in a space to decrease 60 Db after the source has stopped producing the sound.
111
In a large room, where is the most effective place to install a sound-absorbing materials?
In a large room, the ceiling is the most effective place to install this material.
112
What are five basic ways to control sound transmission through a partition?
Five ways to accomplish this are to:
1. Increase the mass
2. Provide additional resilience
3. Insulate the cavity
4. Seal all cracks between construction components
5. Provide sealed openings, such as doors and s\windows
113
What are some ways to increase speech privacy in a large space?
Five ways to accomplish this are to:
1. Use highly absorptive ceiling materials
2. Use space dividers to resuce sound transmission
3. Create distance between noisy activites
4. Arrange hard surfaces to minimized reflected sound
5. Use a well-designed background masking systems
114
What is the ceiling attenuation class (CAC)?
This is a single-number measure of the transmission loss through ceiling tiles between two closed rooms where there is no barrier above the suspended ceiling.
115
What percentage range of a commercial building's total energy use is typically devoted to electrical lighting and the cooling it requires?
30% to 40% of a commercial building's total energy use is typically devoted to this.
116
What is char?
This is the material remaining after an incomplete combustion.
117
What is the Taber test (also known as ASTM D3884) used for?
This test is used to determine the abrasion resistance of carpet and sometimes other textiles.
118
What is considered a minimum coefficient of friction for safety?
For safety, a value of 0.5 is considered to be minimum for this coefficient.
119
What is the 701 test?
This is a common name for the vertical ignition test developed by the National Fire Protection Association, which is used to test the flammability of draperies, curtains, and other window treatments.
120
What is the CAL TB 133 test?
This test evaluates the response of an actualsample of furniture to an open flame.
It is also known as NFPA 266 or the full seating test.
121
What is the Wyzenbeek test (also known as ASTM D4157) used for?
This test is used to determine the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics.
122
What are some authoritative sources for product information?
This kind of information is found in:
1. Manufacturers' product catalogs
2. Manufacturers' websites
3. Manufacturers' representatives
4. Trade accociations
5. Sweets Network Online
123
How does an independent furniture rep differ from a manufacturers' rep?
This type of furniture representative is self-employed and may represent more than one manfacturer.
124
What are two places an interior designer could take a client to view furniture directly?
A designer could accomplish this by going to a dealership or a showroom.
125
What does "FOB factory" mean?
This means that the title for goods purchased is transferred at the factory. The manufacturer pays for loading the goods onto a truck or train, and the buyer pays the transportion costs and is responsible for damage during shipping.
126
Who is responsible for making the acceptance inspection of furniture of fixtures?
The owner is responsible for this aspect of FF&E delivery.
127
What is a daylight factor (DF)?
This is the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance.
128
What is abrasion resistance?
This is the ability of material or finish to resist being worn away or to maintain its original appearance when rubbed with another object.
129
What is stain resistance?
This is a material's resistance to change in appearance after the application and removal of another material.
130
What fabric is made from the fibers of the flax plant?
Fibers of this plant are used to make linen.
131
What are the main advantages of acrylic as a furniture fiber?
The main advantages of this fiber as a furniture fabric are:
* moderately good strength
* resilience
* resilience to sunlight
* a marked similarity to wool
132
What are the main advantages of nylon as a furniture fabric?
The main advantages of this fiber as a furniture fabric are:
* exceptional strength
* high elasticity
* resistance to many chemical stains
* resistance to microorganisms
* good water resistance
133
What is fuzzing?
This describes the appearance of a fabric when small fibers work out of the yarn onto the fabric.
134
What are three sommon ways to attach fabric to cushioning?
This is commonly accomplished in one of three ways.
1. Buttoning
2. Tufting
3. Channeling
135
What are three common cushion materials?
Three common materials for this purpose, from highly flammability resistance to lowest, are:
1. Polyester batting
2. Polyurethane foam
3. Cellulosic batting
136
What are Roman shades?
This type of shade pulls up with a cord into accordion folds.
137
In regards to interior design, what is detailing?
This is the process of determining a design's technical requirements - that is, how the individual components will fit together and exactly how they will look.
138
In regards to selecting construction materials and detailing, what three saety factors must be considered?
These three factors are:
1. structural
2. fire
3. human contact
139
When are furniture specifications used?
These are used on large commercial projects when the designer and client want bids from one or more dealers for the items and accessories to be purchased, and when the dealers will be accepting responsibilty for ordering, installing, and billing the client.
140
What is indentation load deflection?
This is a measure of the firmness of foa, used for furniture.
141
What is the purpose of a performance specification?
This kind of documents shows what results the final construction assembly must achieve without stating exactly what the product must be or what procedures must be followed.
142
What is a project manual?
This is a bound bood that contains:
* technical construction specifications
* contract forms
* general and supplementary conditions of the contract
* bidding requirements (if used)
* supplemental bid forms (if used)
143
What is a proprietary specification?
This is the most restrictive kind of specification because it requires the use of specific manufacturers' products.
144
What system was created to standardize the organization and writing of specifications, and what group deeloped it?
The MasterFormat system was developed by the Construction Specification Institute and Construction Specifications Canada to accomplish this.
145
Individual specification sections of CSI MasterFormat system are divided into three parts. What broad subjects to these three parts cover?
This sections are divided into three partrs.
1. Part I, General
2. Part 2, Products
3. Part 3, Execution
146
What parts of a specification should include requirements for sustainability?
In a specification, requirements for this aspet of interior designer, which encompasses energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and other areas, are included in Division 01, General Requirements, an in each appropriate technical section.
147
What CSI division would contain the specifications for interior signage?
CSI Divison 10, Specialties, would contain the information for this.
148
What CSI division would contain the specifications for doors?
CSI Division 08, Openings, would contain the information for these.
149
What are contruction drawings?
These are detailed drawings the contractor uses to construct a project and decribe the extent of the work and the locations, dimensions, and relationships of the various construction elements.
150
How is the MasterFormat system organized?
The system for standardized specificatios is organized into major subgroups and individual divisions with each subgroup.
151
What does a design office use to maintain consistency, completeleness, and accuracy when writinf specification.
A design office uses master specification, or guide specifications, for this purpose.
152
What type of speification specifies a proprietary material while still satisfying requirements for public bidding.
A base-bid, or approved equal, specification meets these requirements.
153
What is a reference standard specification?
This document describes the requirements for a product of process based on an accepted authority or test method, such as astm, ansi, or a trade method, such as ASTM, ANSI, or a trade association.
154
What does typicaly floor plan show?
What does a reflected ceiling plan show
155
What does a reflected ceiling plan show?
This drawing type shows all items that are part of the ceiling, elements that touch the ceiling, and elements that penetrate the ceiling.
156
In regards to construction drawings, what does an elevation show?
This type of drawing shows vertical dimensions and configurations and finishes og wall surfaces.
157
What is a title block?
This is the area of a drawing sheet that contains identifying information about the project as well as information specific to that particular sheet.
158
In regards to construction drawings, what is layering?
This is the method of placing different information on separate levels in a CAD system when creating a construction drawings
159
In regards to electrical drawings, what is a home run?
This is a graphic element on an electronic drawing that uses arrowheads to indicate that the line joining lights or power outlets is connected to a particular electrical panel box.
160
What are four components labeled A through D?
On an HVAC plan, these are the symbols for:
1. fire damper
2. return air diffuser
3. round flexible duct (wiht the size given
4. supply air diffuser with one quadrant blocked of and sir directed as shown by the arrows.
161
What type of schedule is this?
This is a graphic respresentation of a critical path method (CPM) schedule.
162
What kind of drawings is often used as an aid in developing a design concept when a proposed project will occupy more than one floor of a building?
A stacking diagram is often used in this kind of situation.
163
What type of scheduling chrt looks like a bar graph?
A Gantt chart looks this.
