8. genome Project 8b And Grey Booklet > Grey booklet > Flashcards

Grey booklet Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Define genome

A

The entire set of DNA, including all the genes in an organism

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2
Q

How big is the human genome?

A

Approximately 3 billion base pairs

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3
Q

Explain how the science of bioinformatics has enabled genome projects to be completed in relatively short time scale

A

They collect data as well as storing an analysing data on Gnoomes and the sequencing of genes

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4
Q

Describe what a shotgun approaches to DNA sequencing

A
  • Randomly breaking up the Genome into small DNA fragments that are sequence individually
  • Computer program looks for overlaps in the DNA sequence using them to resemble the fragments in their correct order
  • This completes an assemble sequence
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5
Q

How has automation of sequencing methods improve the collection of data for genome projects?

A

Makes the sequencing of the whole genome is faster

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6
Q

What scientific advances have been made possible from the development of DNA sequencing techniques?

A
  • Allowed quick identification of potential medical problems and early intervention to treat them
  • 1,400,000 single nucleotides discovered on the X chromosome
  • Establishing evolutionary links between species
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7
Q

Define proteome

A

All the proteins produced by the genome

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8
Q

Why might a cellular proteome of an individual cell to type differ from a whole organism proteome?

A
  • Prokaryotes have one single piece of DNA associated with histones
  • prokaryotes have no non-coding portions of DNA
    -Whole organism genome has many non-coding genes
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9
Q

List some applications of genetic engineering

A
  • Production of pharmaceutical chemicals
  • Improved crops
  • Improvement of livestock
  • Production of useful substances such as spider silk
  • Replacing faulty genes
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10
Q

How does the genetic engineering improve livestock

A

Makes them disease resistant and grow faster

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11
Q

How does genetic engineering improve crops?

A

Pest resistance, increased nutritional value, drought tolerance

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12
Q

Outline the steps of the genetic engineering process

A

1- isolating the required gene
2- inception of the gene into a vector- loops of dna
3- transformation – transfer of DNA and vector into suitable cell
4- growth cloning and gene expression

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13
Q

What is the source of restriction endonucleale

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

What does restriction endnucleale do

A

Cut DNA at specific sequences leaving either blunt or sticky ends (palindromic)

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15
Q

What are ligase enzymes role in genetic engineering?

A

Seal the cut ends of DNA by forming new phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

What is the source of ligase enzymes?

A

Viruses

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17
Q

What is reverse transcriptase role in genetic engineering?

A

Uses RNA templates to make C DNA

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18
Q

What is the source of reverse transcriptase

A

Retroviruses

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19
Q

CRISPR- cas9 role in genetic engineering

A

Cuts the dna at crispr sequences to allow genes to be inserted

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20
Q

source of CRISPR- cas9

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

Describe how you would use reverse transcriptase to manufacture the desired gene from an mRNA template

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Can only be done if the gene is expressed
  • mRNA is used as a template for the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce an RNA, C DNA hybrid
  • The RNA strand is hydrolysed by an enzyme to form single stranded C DNA
  • The C DNA now acts as a template for DNA polymerase to produce the second strand of DNA
22
Q

Describe how synthetic DNA can be manufactured

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bioinformatics- sequence checked for ethics and bio security and entered into a computer
  • oligonucleotides - short overlapping sequences are designed synthesised and combined to form the complete gene with no introns
  • 2nd strand and subsequent double stranded copies are made using PCR
  • Copies are sequence and those with mistakes are rejected
  • Genes can now be injected into a plasmid (vector)
24
Q

Advantages of using technique to manufacture synthetic DNA

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Can produce any DNA sequence in relatively short time
  • no introns so can be expressed in bacterial cells
25
Restriction endonucleases can be used to cut DNA and isolate your desired gene. Explain why you need one that leaves sticky ends.
- Require required if you want to insert the gene into a plasmid - Plasma cut with the same restriction endonuclease - Will have sticky ends complimentary with gene so gene will base with the ends of the plasmid through hydrogen bonding
26
Why is a promoted region required for transcription?
Required for DNA polymerase and transcription factors to bind
27
Why is a terminator region required in transcription?
To signal the release of RNA polymerase and the end of transcription
28
Define what is meant by the term vector in relation to genetic engineering
Any structure that is used to deliver a gene to a host organism
29
Name three examples of techniques used to introduce the vectors into cells
Heat shock treatment viruses and gene gun
30
What is heat shock treatment?
Alternating hot and cold in presence of calcium chloride makes the bacteria walls and enzymes produce more protons (surviving bacteria takes up plasmid)
31
What is electroporation?
High voltage disrupt the membrane and gene enters
32
What is electrofusion?
Used to introduce vectors into cells Electrical fields help introduce the DNA
33
How do viruses introduced the vectors into cells?
Retro phases can be used to transform cells Bacteriophages can transform bacteria
34
How can bacteria be used to introduce the vectors into cell?
Plasma insertion into a bacteria - Infects some plants and inserts its genome into host plant cell
35
How does the gene gun introduce the vectors into cells?
Small pieces of gold or tungsten coated in DNA and shot into the plant
36
Explain how you can identify transformed bacteria by using a jellyfish gene
- Use plasmids with a gene for green fluorescent protein - If the desired gene is successfully introduced the plasma bisects the GFO gene - Successfully transformed colonies will not grow
37
38
once you have identified your transformed bacteria describe how you will start harvesting your protein
optimum conditions in large fermentation tanks
39
describe the transformation of eukariotes using ten stages (goats diagram)
1- the silk gene is cut out of the spiders dna 2- the body cell is removed from goat a and the nucleus is removed (endonucleation) 3- the nucleus and the silk gene are fused together 4- a egg is taken from goat b and endonucleated 5- the egg cell from goat b and nucleus containing silk gene are fused 6- the egg is stimulated to divide and form an embryo 7- the embryo is put into the uterus of goat c 8- goat c gives birth to a transgenic goat d- its dna contains the spider silk gene 9- the milk from goat d contains the spider silk protein 10- the protein is extracted from the milk and silk is formed
40
describe the process of gene theory
the insertion of functioning alleles that currently have non functioning or mutated versions of that allele
41
what type of diseases are candidates for gene therapy
- genetic basis - single gene - recessive condition such as cystic fibrosis
42
describe how gene therapy could be used as a vaccine
- spike protein from covid 19 - insert genes coding for proteins into vaccine - form immune response
43
what is a dna probe
identifies specific dna sequencing
44
describe the technique of locating genes
- synthesize a section of dna complimentary to the section of dna you wish to identify - replicate using pcr - attach radioactive or flourecent molecule - add sample dna that has been heated to seperate the strands and expose the bases - forms the H bonds if the dna sequence is present
45
what 2 techniques are used to allow you to identify the location of the probe
- flourecent marker that emits colour when exposed to uv light - wash to remove any unbound probes, radioactive marker32D (southern blot)
46
give examples of when dna probes are used
- genetic fingerprinting (identifies carriers of recessive alleles) - inform of further tests such as embryo screening - provide information on the effects of a disease - identify mutations in tumour supressor genes - to provide personalised medicine
47
explain the process of dna electrophoresis ( seperation of dna fragments based on size)
- dna fragments produced by digestion with restriction enzymes are loaded into wells on a porous gel (made of agarose gel) sitting under a buffer solution which aids flow of electrical current flow - dna fragments are negatively charged so are repelled from the negative electrode/ travel towards the positive electrode - the smaller molecules travel furthest
48
list some of the procedures that require the use of gel electrophoresis
- dna profiling for paternity identification - dna profiling for crime scene analysis (comparison of bonding patterns) - some dna sequencing techniques - genetic screening for inherited conditions e.g. sickle cell (need a dna probe) - confirming infection by a particular virus
49
describe the process of dna profiling/ genetic fingerprinting
- dna profiling is the process of deturmining an individuals dna characteristics. It is very likely to be different in unrelated individuals - it does not look a genes it looks at introns (non coding dna) as genes would be too similar within the same species - variable number tandem repeats are compared - for each individual the number and length of repeats varies - the more repeats present the layer of dna fragment so gel electrophoresis used to serperate the fragments. Similar banding pattens would indicate that individuals share the repeat patterns and are likely to be related
50

8. genome Project 8b And Grey Booklet (6 decks)

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