gross anatomy muscle guide Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Latissimus Dorsi
A
Origin-spinous processes of the t7-t12; thoracolumbar facia; iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs
Insertion-floor of intertubercular groove of humerous
Innervation-thoracodorsal nerve ( C6,C7,C8)
Action-extends,adducts, and medically rotates humerous
- posteriorly tilts scapula
2
Q
Trapezius
A
Origin-medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae
Insertion-lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation - spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) (motor fibers) C3/C4 spinal nerves (pain and proprioceptive fibers)
Action-upper trapezius: elevates scapula
- lower trapezius: depresses and adducts and posteriorly lilts the scapula
- middle trapezius: adducts scapula
- upper and lower trapezius: together, upwardly rotates scapula
- scApula fixed: upper trap ipsilat laterally flexes, contralat rotates head &neck, bilat extends head and neck.
3
Q
Rhomboid Major
A
Origin - spinous process of T2-5
Insertion - medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
Innervation - dorsal scapular nerve (C4 & C5)
Action- adducts,elevates, and downwardly rotates scapula
- stabilizes scapula on thoracic wall
4
Q
Rhomboid Minor
A
Origin- nuchal ligament , spinous processes ofC7 mad T1 vertebrae
Insertion-medial end of scapular spine
Innervation - dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Action- adducts elevates and downwardly rotates scapula
- stabilizes scapula on the thoracic wall
5
Q
Levator Scapulae
A
Origin-posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
Insertion-medial border of scapula, superior to root of the scapular spine
Innervation-dorsal scapular nerve (C5) cervical nerves (C3,C4)
Action-elevates and downwardly rotates scapula
- scapula fixed: ipsilat laterally rotates & flexes, bilat extends head and neck
6
Q
Serratus Posterior Superior
A
Origin-nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebrae
Insertion - superior borders of 2nd to 4th ribs
Innervation - ventral rami T2-T5 thoracic spinal nerves
Action-elevates ribs
7
Q
Serratus Posterior Inferior
A
Origin- spinous processes of T11-L1 vertebrae
Insertion-inferior borders of 8th to 12th ribs near their angles
Innervation - ventral rami of T9-T12 thoracic spinal nerves
Action- depresses ribs
8
Q
Splenius Capitis
A
Origin-nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3 or T4 vertebrae
Insertion - fibers run superiorlaterally to mastoid process (of temporal bone) and lateral third of superior nuchal line ( of occipital bone)
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action- ipsilat laterally rotates and flexes head and neck
- bilat extends head and neck
9
Q
Splenius Cervicis
A
Origin-nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae
Insertion-tuber les of transverse processes of C1-C3 vertebrae
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action- ipsilat laterally flexes and rotates neck and head
- bilat extends head and neck
10
Q
Iliocostalis
A
Origin-Aries by broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament
Insertion-lumborum, thoracic cervicis fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action-ipsilat laterally flexes trunk
- bilat extends trunk
11
Q
Longissimus
A
Origin-Aries by broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament
Insertion- thoracis: ribs between tubercles and angles, and thoracic transverse processes
Cervicis: transverse processes in cervical region
Capitis: mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action-ipsilat laterally flexes trunk
-bilat extends trunk
12
Q
Spinalis
A
Origin-arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament
Insertion-thoracis,cervicis,Capitis, fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in upper thoracic region and to cranium
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerve
Action-ipsilat laterally flexes trunk
- bilat extends trunk
13
Q
Transversospinalis (semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores)
A
Origin-transverse processes
Insertion-spinous processes of more superior vertebrae
Innervation - dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action-stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebrae column
14
Q
Semispinalis
A
Origin-arises from transverse processes of C4-T12 vertebrae
Insertion-thoracis,cervicis, Capitis, fibers run superiormedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action-stabalizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column
15
Q
Multifidus
A
Origin-arises from posterior sacrum,posterior superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinal, sacroiliac ligaments, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of T1-T3, articular processes of C4-C7
Insertion-thickest in lumbar region, fibers pass obliquely superiormedially to entire length of spinous processes, spanning. 2-4 segments superior to origin.
Innervation-dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action-stabalizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column
16
Q
Rotatores (brevis and longus)
A
Origin-arises from transverse processes of vertebrae best developed in thoracic region
Insertion-fibers pass superiormedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebra immediately (brevis) or two segments superior (longus) to vertebra attachment
Innervation-dorsal rami of spianal nerves
Action-stabalizes vertebrae during localized movements of spinal column
-assists with and rotary movements of vertebral column
17
Q
Lateral intertransverse
A
Origin-transverse process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion - transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
Innervation-dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves
Action-ipsilat lateral flexion of vertebral column
-bilat stabilizes vertebral column
18
Q
Superior Oblique of the head (Obliquus Capitis Superior)
A
Origin-transverse processes of C1 vertebrae
Insertion-occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
Innervation-suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)
Action-ipsilat lateral flexion of head and neck
-bilat extension of head and neck
19
Q
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
A
Origin-spinous process of C2 vertebrae
Insertion-lateral part of inferior nuchal line (of occipital bone)
Innervation-sub occipital nerve (dorsal ramps of C1)
Action-ipsilat rotation of head and neck
- bilat extension of head and neck
20
Q
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
A
Origin-posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1vertebrea
Insertion-medial part of inferior nuchal line (of occipital bone)
Innervation-sub occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
Action-ipsilat rotation of head and neck.
-bilat extension of head and neck
22
Q
Infraspinatus ( rotator cuff muscle SITS)
A
Origin-infraspinatus fossil of scapula
Insertion-middle facet of greater tubercle of humerous
Innervation- suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Action-laterally rotates humerous
- stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa
23
Q
Teres Minor ( rotator cuff muscle SITS)
A
Origin-middle part of lateral border of scapula
Insertion-inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerous
Innervation - Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Action-laterally rotates humerous
-stabalizes humeral head in glenoid fossa
23
Q
Supraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle SITS)
A
Origin-supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion- superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation-suprascapular nerve (C4, C5, C6)
Action-initiates abduction of humerous
-stabalizes humeral head in glenoid fossa
24
Q
Subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle SITS)
A
Origin- subscapular fossa ( most of anterior surface of scapula)
Insertion- lesser tubercle of humerous
Innervation- upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)
Action- adducts and medially rotates humerous
- stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa
25
Teres Major
Origin- posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
Insertion- medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerous
Innervation-lower subscapular nerve ( C5, C6*)
Action- adducts and medially rotates humerus
26
Deltoid
Origin- lateral third of clavicle, acromion,spine of scapula
Insertion- deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Innervation - axillary nerve (C5*, C6)
Action- anterior flexes and medially rotates humerus
- middle abducts humerus
- posterior extends and laterally rotates humerus
27
Triceps Brachii
Origin- long head, infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- lateral head, posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
- medial head, posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
Insertion- proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
Innervation- radial nerve (C6, C7*, C8*)
Action- extends forearm
- long head extends humerus and resists dislocation of glenohumeral joint
28
Anconeus
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion- lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna
Innervation- radial nerve (C7,C8,T1)
Action- extends forearm, stabilizes elbow joint, abducts ulna durning pronation
29
Pectoralis Major
Origin-clavicular head, anterior surface of medial half of clavicle
- sternocostal head, anterior surface of sternum superior six costa cartilages
Insertion-lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Innervation- lateral and medial pectoral nerves; clavicular head (C5, C6*), sternocostal head (C7*, C8*, T1)
Action- horizontally adducts and medially rotates humerus
- clavicular fibers horizontally adducts humerus
- sternocostal fibers horizontally adducts and extends humerus from a flexed position
30
Pectorals Minor
Origin- 3rd to 5th ribs near their costal cartilages
Insertion- medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula
Innervation- Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
Action- anteriorly tilts and depresses scapula
31
Subclavius
Origin- Junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage
Insertion- Inferior surface of middle third of clavicle
Innervation- Nerve of subclavius (C5*, C6)
Action- Stabilizes and depresses calvicle
32
Serratus Anterior
Origin- External and lateral surface of 1st-8th ribs
Insertion- Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
Innervation- Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6*, C7*)
Action- Upwardly rotates and abducts scapula
- Stabilizes scapula on thoracic wall
33
Coracobrachialis
Origin- Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion- middle third of medial surface of humerus
Innervation- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6*,C7)
Action- Flexes and adducts humerus
- Resists dislocation of gelnohumeral joint
34
Brachialis
Origin- distal half of anterior surface of humerus
Insertion- Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna
Innervation- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) and radial nerve (C7)
Action- flexes elbow in all positions
35
Biceps Brachii
Origin- Short head: coracoid process of scapula
-Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion- Radial tuberosity: facia of forearm via bicipital aponurosis
Innervation- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6*)
Action- supinates forarm and flexes elbow
- resists dislocation of glenohumeral joint
36
Pronator Teres
Origin- Ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
Humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (via common flexor tendon)
Insertion- lateral surface of radius
Innervation- Median nerve (C6, C7*)
Action- pronates forearm and flexes elbow
37
Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)
Origin- Medial epicondlye of humerus (via common flexor tendon)
Insertion- base of 2nd metacapal
Innervation- Median nerve (C6, C7*)
Action- flexes and radially deviates wrist
- weakly flexes elbow
38
Palmaris Longus
Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus (via common flexor tendon)
Insertion- flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
Innervation- Median nerve (C7, C8)
Action- Tenses palmar aponeurosis
- Flexes wrist, weakly flexes elbow
39
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
Origin- Humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (via common flexor tendon)
Ulnar Head: olecranon and posterior border of ulna
Insertion- pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal
Innervation- Ulnar nerve (C7, C8*)
Action- Flexes and ulnarly deviates wrist
- weakly flexes elbow
40
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)
Origin- Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle (via common flexor tendon) and coronoid process of ulna
Radial Head: anterior proximal radius
Insertion- Shafts of middle phalanges of 2nd-5th digits
Innervation- Media nerve (C7, C8, T1)
Action- Flexes PIP and MCP joints for 2nd-5th digits
- Flexes wrist
- Weakly flexes elbow
41
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)
Origin- proximal medial and anterior ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion- Base of distal phalanges of 2nd-5th digits
Innervation- Medial Part: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
- Lateral Part: anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8*, T1)
Action- flexes DIP, PIP, and MCP joints for 2nd-5th digits
- flexes wrist
42
Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)
Origin- anteior surface of radius, interosseous membrane
Insertion- base of distal phalanx of the thumb
Innervation- anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8*, T1)
Action- Flexes IP and MCP of 1st digit (thumb)
-Flexes wrist
43
Pronator Quadratus
Origin- Distal anterior ulna
Insertion- Distal anterior radius
Innervation- Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8*, T1)
Action- Pronates forearm
- stabilizes distal radioulnar joint
44
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin- Flexor rentinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion- Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation- recurrent branch of median nerve (C8*, T1)
Action- abducts thumb
- opposes thumb
45
Opponens Pollicis
Origin- flexor rentinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion- lateral side of 1st metacarpal
Innervation- Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8*, T1)
Action- opposes thumb
46
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin- Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion- lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation- Superficial head: recurrent branch of median nerve (C8*, T1)
-Deep head: deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- Flexes MCP of 1st digit (thumb)
47
Flexor Digiti Mnimi brevis
Origin- hook of hamate and flexor rentinaculum
Insertion- medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- Flexes MCP of 5th digit
48
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin- Pisiform
Insertion- medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation- Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- abducts and flexes MCP of 5th digit
49
Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin- hook of hamate and flexor rentinaculum
Insertion- medial border of 5th metacarpal
Innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- opposes 5th digit
50
Palmaris Brevis
Origin- Palmar aponeurosis
Insertion- skin of hand on ulnar side
Innervation- superficial branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
Action- tenses skin of palmar fascia
51
Adductor Pollicis
Origin- Oblique head: base of 2nd and 3rd metacapals, trapezoid and capitate
Transverse head: anterior surface of 3rd metacarpal
Insertion- medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation- Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- adducts thumb
52
Lumbricals (1st and 2nd)
Origin- lateral two tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (as unipennate muscles)
Insertion- lateral sides of extensor expansions of 2nd-3rd digits
Innervation- median nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- flexes MCP joints and extends IP joints of 2nd-3rd digits
53
Lumbricals (3rd and 4th)
Origin- medial three tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (as biqennate muscles)
Insertion- lateral sides of extensor expansions of 4th and 5th digits
Innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- Flexes MCP join and extends IP joints of 4th and 5th digits
54
Dorsal Interossei
Origin- adjacent sides of two metacarpals (as bipennate muscles)
Insertion- bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of 2nd-4th digits
Innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- abducts 2nd-4th digits from axial line
- acts with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints
- 1st dorsal interosseous adducts thumb
55
Palmar Interossei
Origin- Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals (as unipennate muscles)
Insertion- Bases of proximal phalanges, extensor expansions of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits
Innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1*)
Action- adducts 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits towards axial line
- acts with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints
56
Brachioradialis
Origin- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion- lateral surface of distal radius, proximal to styloid process
Innervation- radial nerve (C5, C6*,C7)
Action- weak flexion of elbow (maximal when forearm in midpronated position)
57
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
Origin- lateral suracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion- dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal
Innervation- Radial nerve (C6, C7)
Action- extends and radially deviates wrist (active during fist clenching)
58
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon)
Insertion- dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal
Innervation- deep branch of radial nerve (C7*, C8)
Action- extends and radially deviates wrist (active during fist clenching)
59
Extensor Digitorum (ED)
Origin-lateral epicondyle of humerus (via commone extensor tendon)
Insertion- extensor expansion of 2nd-5th digits
Innervation- deep branch of radial nerve (C7*, C8)
Action- extends elbow
- extends hand at wrist
- extends 2nd-5th digits (primarily at MCP joint, secondarily at IP joint)
60
Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon)
Insertion- extensor expansion of 5th digit
Innervation- deep branch of radial nerve (C7*, C8)
Action- extends 5th digit (primarily at MCP join, secondarily at IP joint)
- weak wrist extension
61
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon); posterior border of ulna
Insertion- dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal
Innervation- deep branch of radial nerve (C7*, C8)
Action- extends and ulnarly deviates wrist (active during fist clenching)
62
Supinator
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon); radial collateral and anular ligaments; supinator fossa; crest of ulna
Insertion- lateral posterior, and anteior surfaces of proximal third of radius
Innervation- deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8*)
Action- supinates forearm
63
Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)
Origin- posterior surface of proximal halves of ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane.
Insertion- base of 1st metacarpal
Innervation- posterior interosseous nerve (C7,C8*) (a continuation of deep branch of radial nerve)
Action- abducts and extends thumb at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
64
Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)
Origin- posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion- dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation- posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8*) (a continuation of deep branch of radial nerve)
Action- extends proximal phalanx of thumb at MCP join
- extends CMC joint
65
Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)
Origin- posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion- dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb
Innervation- posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8*) (a continuation of deep branch of radial nerve)
Action- extends distal phalanx of thumb at IP joint
- extends thumb at MCP and CMC joints
66
Extensor Indicis
Origin- posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion- extensor expansion of 2nd digit
Innervation- posterior interosseous nerve (C7*, C8) (a continuation of deep branch of radial nerve)
Action- extends 2nd digit (enabling its independent extension from other digits)
-weakly extends hand at wrist
67
Psoas Major
Origin- sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and intervertebral discs; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
Insertion- lessor trochanter of femur
Innervation- anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1*, L2*, L3)
Action- Flexes hip
-Stabilizes hip joint
68
Psoas Minor
Origin- sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
Insertion- pectineal line of iliopectineal eminence of pelvic bone
Innervation- Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)
Action- weakly flexes lumbar spine
69
Iliacus
Origin- Iliac crest; iliac fossa; ala of the sacrum; anterior sacroiliac ligaments
Insertion- tendon of psoas major; lesser trochanter and femur distal to it
Innervation- femoral nerve (L2*, L3)
Action- flexes hip
- stabilizes hip joint
70
Sartorius
Origin- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion- superior and medial surface of tibia (pes anserine)
Innervation- femoral nerve (L2, L3)
Action- flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates hip
- flexes knee joint
- medially rotates tibia when knee is flexed
71
Rectus Femoris
Origin- Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertion- to patella via quadriceps tendons; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation- Femoral nerve (L2, L3*, L4*)
Action- extends knee joint
- steadies hip joint
- helps iliopsoas flex hip
72
Vastus lateralis
Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
Insertion- to patella via quadraceps tendons; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral nerve (L2, L3*, L4*)
Action- extends knee joint
73
Vastus Medialis
Origin- intertrochanteric line and the medial lip of linea aspera of femur
Insertion- to patella via quadraceps tendons; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral nerve (L2, L3*, L4*)
Action- extends knee joint
74
Vastus Intermedius
Origin- anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
Insertion-to patella via quadraceps tendons; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral nerve (L2, L3*, L4*)
Action- extends knee
75
Pectineus
Origin-superior ramus of pubis
Insertion- pectineal line of femur
Innervation- Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may receive branch from the obturator nerve
Action- adducts, flexes, medially rotates hip joint
76
Tensor Fascia Latae
Origin- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); anterior part of iliac crest
Insertion- iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia
Innervation- supeior gluteal nerve (L5*, S1)
Action- abducts and medially rotates hip joint
77
Adductor Longus
Origin- body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion- middle third of linea aspera of femur
Innervation- obturator nerve, branch of the anterior division (L2, L3*,L4)
Action- adducts hip join
78
Adductor Brevis
Origin- body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion- pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera
Innervation- obturator nerve, branch of the anterior division (L2, L3*,L4)
Action- adducts and weakly flexes hip joint
79
Adductor Magnus
Origin- Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ishium
Hamstrings part: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line of femur
Hamstring part- adductor tubercle of femur
Innervation- Adductor part: obturator nerve (L2,L3*,L4*), branches of posterior division
Hamstring part: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4*)
Action- adducts hip joint
- adductor part flexes hip
- hamstring part extends hip
80
Gracilis
Origin- body of inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion- superior and medial surface of tibia (pes anserine)
Innervation- obutrator nerve (L2*, L3)
Action- adducts hip joint
- flexes knee joint
- medially rotates tibia
81
Obturator Externus
Origin- anterior surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
Insertion- trochanteric fossa of femur
Innervation- obturator nerve (L3, L4*)
Action- laterally rotates hip
-steadies head of femur in acetabulum
82
Gluteus Maximus
Origin- llium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion- Iliotibial tract (which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia); gluteal tuberosity
Innervation- inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1*, S2*)
Action- extends hip joint (especially from flexted position)
- laterally rotates hip joint
83
Gluteus Medius
Origin- external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion- greater trochanter of femur
Innervation- superior gluteal nerve (L5*, S1)
Action - abducts and medially rotates hip joint
-keeps pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weightbearning and advancing opposite (unsupported) limb during swing phase of gait
84
Gluteus Minimus
Origin- external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion- greater trochanter of femur
Innervation- superior gluteal nerve (L5*, S1)
Action- abducts and medially rotates hip joint
- keeps pelvis level when ipisilateral limb is weight-bearing and advancing opposite (unsupported) limb during swing phase of gait
85
Piriformis
Origin- anterior surface of sacrum; sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion- superior border of greater torchanter of femur
Innervation- Branches of anterior rami of S1*, S2
Action- laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed hip
- steadies femoral head in acetabulum
86
Obturator Internus
Origin- posterior surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
Insertion- medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Innervation- nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1*)
Action- laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexted hip
- steadies femoral head in acetabulum
87
Superior Gemellus
Origin- ischial spine
Insertion- medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Innervation- nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1*)
Action- laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed hip
- steadies femoral head in acetabulum
88
Inferior Gemellus
Origin- Ischial tuberosity
Insertion- medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa of femur)
Innervation- nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Action- laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexted hip
- steadies femoral head in acetabulum
89
Quadratus Femoris
Origin- lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Insertion-quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
Innervation- nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
Action- laterally rotates hip joint
- steadies femoral head in acetabulum
90
Semitendinosus
Origin- Ishial tuberosity
Insertion- superior and medial surface of tiba (pes anserine)
Innervation- tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5*, S1*, S2)
Action- extend hip joint
- Flex knee joint
- Medially rotate tibia when knee flexed
91
Semimembranosus
Origin- Ischial tuberosity
Insertion- posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachement forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)
Innervation- tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5*, S1*, S2)
Action- Extend hip joint
- flex knee joint
- medially rotate tibia when knee flexed
92
Biceps Femoris
Origin- Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera and later suracondylar line of femur
Insertion- lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this stie by fibular collateral ligament of knee
Innervation- Long head: tibial division of sciatic nere (L5, S1*, S2)
- Short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1*, S2)
Action- flexes knee
- lateraly rotates tibia when knee is flexed
- long head extends the thigh
93
Gastrocnemius
Origin- Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
Insertion- posterior calcaneus via clacaneal tendon
Innervation- Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Action- Plantarflexes ankle join
- Flexes knee joint
94
Plantaris
Origin- lateral supracondylear line of femur; oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion-posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation- tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Action- weakly plantarflexes ankle joint
95
Soleus
Origin- posterior surface of head of fibula; posterior surface of fibula; soleal line and middle third of medial border of tibia
Insertion- posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation-tibial nerve (S1, S2)
Action- plantarflexes ankle joint independant of knee position
96
Popliteus
Origin- lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
Insertion- posterior tibia, superior to soleal line
Innervation- tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Action- weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur 5 degrees on fixed tibia
- medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
97
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin- posterior and medial surface of tibia inferior to soleal line
Insertion- base of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation- tibial nerve (S2, S3)
Action- Flexes lateral four digits
- plantarflexes ankle
- supports longitudinal arches of foot
98
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin- posterior and inferior surface of fibula; inferior part of interosseous membrane
Insertion- base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
Innervation- tibial nerve (S2, S3)
Action- Flexes great toe at all joints
- weakly plantarflexes ankle
- supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
99
Tibialis Posterior
Origin- interosseous membrane; posterior tibia inferior to soleal line; posterior fibula
Insertion- tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid; sustentaclum tali of calcaneus; bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals
Innervation- tibial nerve (L4, L5)
Action- plantarflexes ankle
- invertes foot
- supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
100
Abductor Hallucis
Origin- medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis
Insertion- medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation- medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action- abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe/hallux)
101
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin- medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of clacaneus; plantar aponerurosis; intermuscular septa
Insertion- lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation- lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- abducts and flexes the 5th digit
102
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin- tuberosiety of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermusclar septa
Insertion- both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation- medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- flexes lateral four digits
103
Quadratus Plantae
Origin- medial and lateral margins of plantar surface of calcaneus
Insertion- tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Innervation- lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
104
Adductor Hallucis
Origin- Oblique head: bases of the 2nd-4th metatarsals
Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophlangeal (MTP) joints
Insertion- tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation- deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- flexes and adducts the 1st digit at MTP joint
- supports the transverse arch of foot
105
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin- plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneifroms
Insertion- both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation- medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
106
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin- base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion- base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation- superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
107
Lumbricals
Origin- tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion- medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
Innervation- Medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
- Lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- Flexes MTP join and extends IP joints of lateral four digits
108
Plantar Interossei
Origin-bases of medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
Insertion- medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
Innervation- lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- adducts digits (3-5) and flexes (MPT) joints
109
Dorsal Interossei
Origin- adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
Insertion- 1st medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit 2nd-4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
Innervation- lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Action- abducts digits (2-4) and flexes (MPT) joints
110
Fibularis (peroneus) Longus
Origin- head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion- base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Innervation- superficial fibular nerve (L5*, S1*, S2)
Action- evertes foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
111
Fibularis (peroneus) Brevis
Origin- inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion- tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation- superficial fibular nerve (L5*, S1*,S2)
Action- everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
112
Tibialis Anterior
Origin- lateral condyle and superior half of lateral tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion- medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L4*, L5)
Action- dorsiflexes ankle and inverts the foot
113
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin- lateral condyle of tibia; superior three quarter of medial surface of fibula; and interosseous membrane
Insertion- middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L4*, L5)
Action- extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes the ankle
114
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin- middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion- base of distal phalanx of great toe (hullux)
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L4*, L5)
Action- extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
115
Fibularis (peroneus) Tertius
Origin- inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion- base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
Action- dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot
116
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Origin- clacaneus (the floor of tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of inferior extensor rentinaculum
Insertion-base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L5, or S1, or both)
Action- aids extensor hallucis longus in extending great toe at metatarsophalangeal (MPT) joint
117
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin- Calcaneus (the floor of tarsal sinus); interossseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of inferior extensor rentinaculum
Insertion- long extensor tendons of the 2nd-5th digits
Innervation- deep fibular nerve (L5 or S1, or both)
Action- aids extensor digitorum longus in extending 2nd-5th digits at metatarsophalangeal (MPT) and interphalangeal (IP) joints
118
Orbicularis Oris
Origin- medial maxilla and the madible; deep surface of perioral skin, angle of mouth
Insertion- mucous membrane of lips
Innervation- Facial nerve (CN VII) via buccal
Action- phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips (kissing) or resists destension (blowing)
119
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin- anterolateral base of mandible
Insertion- angle of mouth
Innervation- Facial nerve (C VII) vial marginal mandibular
Action- part of dilators of mouth; depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown (sadness)
120
Levator Labii Superioris
Origin- Infraorbital margin (maxilla)
Insertion- skin of upper lip
Innervation- Facial nerve (C VII) via buccal
Action- elevates and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)
121
Levator Anguli Oris
Origin- infraorbital maxilla (canine fossa)
Insertion- angle of mouth
Innervation- Facial nerve (C VII) via buccal
Action- part of dialators of mouth; elevate labial commissure
- bilaterally to smile (happiness) and unilaterally to sneer (disdain)
122
Buccinator
Origin- mandible; aveolar process of maxilla and mandible; pterygomandibular raphe
Insertion- angle of mouth; obicularis oris
Innervation- Facial nerve (CN VII) vial buccal
Action- presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)
123
Orbicularis Oculi
Origin- medial orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone
Insertion- skin around the margin of the orbit; superior and inferior tarsal plates
Innervation- Facial nerve (CN VII) via temporal and zygomatic
Action- closes eyelids; palpebral part does so gently; orbital part does so tightly (winking)
124
Platysma
Origin- inferior border of mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower face
Insertion- fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
Innervation- Cervical branches of facial nerve (CN VII)
Action- draws the corner of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (sadness and fright)
-draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched
125
Sternohyoid
Origin- Manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle
Insertion- body of hyoid
Innervation- C1-C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis
Action- depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
126
Omohyoid
Origin- superior border of scapula near the suprascapular notch
Insertion- inferior border of hyoid
Innervation- C1-C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis
Action- depresses, retracts, and steadies the hyoid
127
Sternothyroid
Origin- posterior surface of manubrium of the sternum
Insertion- oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Innervation- C2 and C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
Action- depresses hyoid and larynx
128
Thyrohyoid
Origin- oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Insertion- inferior body and greater horn of hyoid
Innervation- C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Action- depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
129
Anterior Digastric
Origin- digastric fossa of mandible
Insertion- intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid bone
Innervation- nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve
Action- working with infrahyoid muscles
- depresses mandible against resistance
- elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking
130
Posterior Digastric
Origin- mastoid notch of temporal bone
Insertion- Intermediate tendon of body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Innervation- Digastric branch of facial verve (CN VII)
Action- working with infrahyoid muscles;
- depresses madible against resistance
- elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking
131
Mylohyoid
Origin- mylohyoid line of mandible
Insertion- mylohyoid raphe of body of hyoid
Innervation- nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular nerve, CN V3)
Action- elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during speaking and swallowing
132
Stylohyoid
Origin- styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion- body of hyoid
Innervation- stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
Action- elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating floor of mouth
133
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin- mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line
Insertion-
Sternal head: manubrium of sternum
Clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
Innervation- spinal accessory nerve (CN XI, motor); C2 and C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)
Action-
Unilateraly- Ipsilat laterally bends and contralat rotates head and neck
Bilaterally: prodrudes head and neck, elevates sternum during forceful expiration
134
Anterior Scalene
Origin- Transverse process of C3-C6 vertebrae
Insertion- Ist rib
Innervation- ventral rami C4-C6 spinal nerves
Action- laterally flexes head and neck to the same side
- elevates first rib during forced expiration
135
Middle Scalene
Origin- posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae
Insertion- 1st rib
Innervation- Ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves
Action- laterally flexes head and neck to same side,
-elevates first rib during forced inspiration
136
Anterior Scalene
Origin- Transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae
Insertion- 1st rib
Innervation- Ventral rami of C4-C6 spinal nerves
Action- Laterally flexes head and neck to same side
-elevates rib during forced inspiration
137
Posterior Scalene
Origin- Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae
Insertion- external border of 2nd rib
Action- laterally flexes head and neck
- elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration
138
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Origin- Base of cranium just anterior to occipital condyles
Insertion- anterior surface of lateral mass of C1 vertebrae
Innervation- Branches from the loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves
Action- flex head
139
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Origin- Jugular process of occipital bone
Insertion- transverse process of C1 vertebrae
Innervation- Branches from the loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves
Action- Flexes head and help stabilize it
140
Logus Colli
Origin- anterior tubercle of atlas, bodies of C2,3, transverse process of C3-C6
Insertion- Bodies of C5-T3, transverse process of C3-C5
Innervation- anterior rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves
Action- flexes head acting bilaterally
-contralateral rotation acting unilaterally
141
Longus Capitis
Origin- Basilar part of occipital bone
Insertion- anterior tubercles of C3-C6 transverse processes
Innervation- Anterior rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
Action- Flex head
142
Masseter
Origin- Quadrate muscle attaching to inferior and medial surfaces of maxillary process of zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
Insertion- angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible
Innervation- Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V3) via masseteric nerve
Action- elevates madible thus closing jaw
- superfical fibers make a limited contribution to protrusion of mandible
143
Temporalis
Origin- Triangular muscle attaching to floor of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia
Insertion- coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
Innervation- Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V3) via medial pterygoid nerve
Action- elevates mandible thus closing jaw
- contributes to protrusion
- alternate unilateral activity produces smaller griding movements
144
Medial Pterygoid
Origin- Quadrangular two headed muscle from (1) medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone and (2) tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion- medial aspect of ramus of madible inferior to madibular foramen
Innervation- Anterior trunk of madibular nerve (CN V3) via medial pterygoid nerve
Action- acts synergistically with masseter to elevate mandible
- contributes to protrusion
- alternate unilateral activity produces smaller grinding movements
145
Lateral Pterygoid
Origin- a triangular two headed muscle from (1) infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid and (2) lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion- Upper head attaches primarily to join t capsule and articular disc of TMJ; inferior head attaches primarily to pterygoid fovea on anteromedial aspect of the neck of condyloid process of madible
Innervation- anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V3) via lateral pterygoid nerve
```
Action-
Acting bilaterally:
Protracts madible and depresses chin
Acting Unilaterally:
swings jaw tword contralateral sid; alternate unilateral contraction produces larger lateral chewing movements
```
146
External Intercostal
Origin- inferior border of the ribs
Insertion- superior border of the ribs below
Innervation- intercostal nerve
Action- elevates ribs during forced inspiration
147
Internal Intercostal
Origin- inferior border of the ribs
Insertion- superior border of the rubs below
Innervation- Intercostal nerve
Action-
Interocceous part: depresses ribs during forced respiration
Interchondral part: elevates ribs during forced respiration
148
Innermost Intercostal
Origin- Inferior border of the ribs
Insertion- superior border of the ribs below
Innervation- intercostal nerve
Action-
Interosseous part: depresses ribs during forced respiration
Interchondral part: elevates ribs during forced respiration
149
Transverse Thoracis
Origin- posterior surface of the lower sternum
Insertion- Internal surface of the 2nd-6th costal cartilages
Innervation- interacostal nerve
Action- weakly depresses ribs
150
External Oblique
Origin- external serfaces of the 5th-12th ribs
Insertion- Linea alba; pubic tubercle; anterior half of the iliac crest
Innervation- Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11 spinal nerves) and subcostal nerve
Action- Bilaterally flexes trunk
- Unilaterally rotates trunk contralterally
- compresses abdominal viscera
151
Internal Oblique
Origin- Thoracolumbar facia; anterior two thirds of the iliac crest; lateral two thirds of in inguinal ligament
Insertion- Inferior boarders of the 10th-12th ribs; linea alba' pecten pubis via the conjoint tendon
Innervation- Thoracoabdominal nerves (ventral rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves) and first lumbar nerves
Action- bilaterally flexes trunk
- Unilaterally rotates trunk ipsilaterally
- compresses abdominal viscera
152
Transerves Abdominus
Origin- Interal surfaces of 7yj-12th costal cartilages; thoracolumbar facia; Iliac crest; lateral third of the inguinal ligament
Insertion- Lina alba with the aponeurosis of the internal oblique; pubic crest; pecten pubis via the conjoint tendon
Innervation- Thoracoabdominal nerves (venteral rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves) first lumbar nerves
Action- compresses and supports abdominal viscera
153
Rectus Abdominis
Origin- pubic symphysis and pubic crest
Insertion- Xiphoid process and the 5th-7th costal cartilages
Innervation- Thoracoabdominal nerves (venteral rami of T6-T-12 spinal nerves)
Action- Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses the abdominal viscera
-stabalizes and posteriorly tilts pelvis
154
Quadratus Lumborum
Origin- Meidal half of inferior border of the 12th rib and the tips of the lumbar transverse processes
Insertion- Iliolumbar ligament and the internal lip of the Iliac crest.
Innervation- Anterior rami of T12-L4 nerves
Action- extends and laterally flexes vertebral column
- fixes 12th ribs during inspiration
155
Coccygeus
Origin- Ishchial spine
Insertion- inferior end of sacrum and coccyx
Innervation- Branches of S4 and S5 spinal nerves
Action- forms small part of pelvic diaphragm that supports pelvic viscera
-flexes coccyx
156
Levator Ani (Puborectalis, Pubococcygeus, and Illiococcygeus)
Origin- body of pubis; tendinous arch of obturator fascia; ischial spine
Insertion- pernal body; coccyx; anococcygeal ligament; walls of the prostate or vagina; rectum; anal canal
Innervation- Nerve to levator ani (branches of S4); inferior anal (rectal) nerve; scoccygeal plexus
Action- Forms most of pelvic diaphragm that helps support pelvic viscera and resists increases in intraabdominal pressure.
