Gross anatomy of the back

Question 1

What is the normal number of bones in the vertebral column

Answer 1

33

Question 2

what are 5 roles of the vertebral column

Answer 2

• Firms rigid central axis which bears the weight of the body
• Provides attachment for movement of limbs
• provides support for the head
• protects the spinal cord
• continues haematopoiesis throughout life (longer than other bones) and stores calcium

Question 3

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 3

7

Question 4

what vertebrae attach to the ribs

Answer 4

Thoracic

Question 5

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

Answer 5

12

Question 6

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

Answer 6

5

Question 7

How many many bones form the fused Sacrum

Answer 7

5

Question 8

How many bones make up the coccyx

Answer 8

2-4

Question 9

how many regions does the vertebral column have

Answer 9

5

Question 10

What are the 2 types of curvature of the vertebral column

Answer 10

Primary curvature - Kyphosis
Secondary curvature - Lordosis

Question 11

why does the vertebral column have curvatures

Answer 11

to distribute weight

Question 12

What type of curvature exists in the 5 regions of the vertebral column

Answer 12

Kyphosis(1st) - Thoracic & Sacral + coccygeal
Lordosis (2nd) - Cervical & Lumbar

Question 13

In what order does the spine develop its curvatures

Answer 13

primary (kyphosis) in fetus
1st secondary (lordosis) - cervical 3 months
2nd secondary - lumbar 12-15 months (standing and walking)

Question 14

what are superior and inferior articular processes

Answer 14

two upward and 2 downward projecting processes located at the lateral parts of the vertebral arch of a thoracic vertebra They extend from the junction between the pedicles and laminae

Question 15

What is the vertebral body

Answer 15

anterior of vertebrae, weight bearing

Question 16

What is the vertebral foramen

Answer 16

hole in the middle of the vertebra

Question 17

what is the neural (vertebral arch)

Answer 17

formed by pedicles and laminae extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch

Question 18

What are the lamina of the vertebrae

Answer 18

thin sheet beside the spinous process

Question 19

what is the spinous process

Answer 19

central protruding spike

Question 20

what are the transverse processes

Answer 20

2 lateral protrusions beside laminae

Question 21

What is the pedical of the vertebrae

Answer 21

stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves

Question 22

What are the structures of a typical cervical vertebrae

Answer 22

-bifid spinous process
-modified transverse process (short)
-transverse foramen
-rectangular body
-uncinate process on main body
-triangular vertebral foramen

Question 23

What vertebrae connects to the skull

Answer 23

C1 -atlas (yes vertebra)

Question 24

what are the properties of the C1 vertebrae

Answer 24

-no vertebral body
- anterior & posterior arch
- concave support facet-connects to skull
- flat inferior facet
- groove for vertebral artery
- facet for Dens (2nd vertebra)

Question 25

what are the properties of the C2 (axis) vertebra

Answer 25

-odontoid process/dens- c1 uses to pivot -flat superior facets -bifid spinous process

Question 26

What are the properties of a typical thoracic vertebrae

Answer 26

circular foreman thick transverse process heart shaped vertebral body transverse costal facet superior & inferior costal demifacet facets are rib articulations

Question 27

what animal does a thoracic vertebrae look like

Answer 27

GIRAFFE

Question 28

What are the properties of a typical lumbar vertebrae

Answer 28

-large bean shaped vertebral body -narrow triangular vertebral foramen -long thin transverse process -broad quadrangular spinous process -curled articular facets - mammillary process - accessory process

Question 29

what animal does a lumbar vertebrae resemble

Answer 29

moose

Question 30

What are the features of the sacrum

Answer 30

-sacral plateau -ala - fused transverse processes - anterior sacral foreman (holes on anterior) -transverse ridge -aricular surface where hip bones attach - medial sacral crest (fused short version of spinal process) -sacral hiatus - an opening present bottom of the sacral canal -

Question 31

describe the coccyx

Answer 31

-2 to 4 fused vertebrae - coccygeal cornu - little horns at top of coccyx attach to sacrum -top vertebrae has transverse process

Question 32

What is the joint between vertebral bodies

Answer 32

intervertebral symphysis

Question 33

what is the joint between the articular processes

Answer 33

zygapophyseal joint - synovial planar gliding joints

Question 34

What are the 2 components of the intervertebral symphysis

Answer 34

Anulus fibrosa and nucleus pulposus which is force through the AF

Question 35

what does the intervertebral symphysis do

Answer 35

its a shock absorber and brace stabilizer

Question 36

What are the joints specific to the cervical spine

Answer 36

- atlanto-occipital joints (between atlas and skull) (yes) -Atlanto-axial joints (between atlas and axial) (no) - uncovertebral joint - sit on each side of cervical disk allow stability in lateral flexion

Question 37

What are the joints supporting the thoracic spine

Answer 37

-costovertebral joint (where rib attaches to vertebral column) - costotransverse joint (connect ribs to transverse process)

Question 38

how do you name the ribs

Answer 38

name is bases in the transverse process it articulates with so rib sits above corresponding vertebrae

Question 39

what are the supporting joints of the lumbosacral spine

Answer 39

-Lumbosacral symphysis -sacrococcygeal joint -sacroiliac joint (links the sacrum to the hip bone)

Question 40

What are the 2 muscle layers of the back

Answer 40

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 41

what are the extrinsic muscles layers of the back

Answer 41

-superficial layer ( control upper limb) - intermediate layer (control respiration)

Question 42

what is the intrinsic muscles layer of the back

Answer 42

- deep layer (postural and move vertebral column + head)

Question 43

What are the superficial layer muscles of the back?

Answer 43

- trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid major & minor - levator Scapulae

Question 44

what are the intermediate layer muscles of the back

Answer 44

serratus posterior superior & inferior (rib cage movement and respiration)

Question 45

What are the deep layer muscles of the back

Answer 45

- Spinotransversales group (extension + rotation of the head) -Erector spinae group - Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis (extensors of the vertebral column) -transversospinales (primary extensors)

Question 46

what are the spinal cord rootlets

Answer 46

rootlets are the axon bodies exiting from the spinal cord which then come together to form the spinal nerves

Question 47

where do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

Answer 47

through the intervertebral foramen

Question 48

what is the membrane protecting the spinal cord

Answer 48

meninges

Question 49

how do nerves S1-S4 exit the sacrum

Answer 49

through anterior and posterior sacral foramen

Question 50

where does S5 and the coccygeal nerve exit the vertebral column

Answer 50

the sacral canal

Question 51

what nerves are in the anterior rootlets

Answer 51

motor neurons traveling away

Question 52

what nerves are in the posterior rootlets

Answer 52

sensory nerves traveling towards SC