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Anatomy & Development > Gross anatomy of the back > Flashcards

Gross anatomy of the back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal number of bones in the vertebral column

A

33

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2
Q

what are 5 roles of the vertebral column

A
  • Firms rigid central axis which bears the weight of the body
  • Provides attachment for movement of limbs
  • provides support for the head
  • protects the spinal cord
  • continues haematopoiesis throughout life (longer than other bones) and stores calcium
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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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4
Q

what vertebrae attach to the ribs

A

Thoracic

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5
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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6
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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7
Q

How many many bones form the fused Sacrum

A

5

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8
Q

How many bones make up the coccyx

A

2-4

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9
Q

how many regions does the vertebral column have

A

5

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of curvature of the vertebral column

A

Primary curvature - Kyphosis
Secondary curvature - Lordosis

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11
Q

why does the vertebral column have curvatures

A

to distribute weight

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12
Q

What type of curvature exists in the 5 regions of the vertebral column

A

Kyphosis(1st) - Thoracic & Sacral + coccygeal
Lordosis (2nd) - Cervical & Lumbar

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13
Q

In what order does the spine develop its curvatures

A

primary (kyphosis) in fetus
1st secondary (lordosis) - cervical 3 months
2nd secondary - lumbar 12-15 months (standing and walking)

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14
Q

what are superior and inferior articular processes

A

two upward and 2 downward projecting processes located at the lateral parts of the vertebral arch of a thoracic vertebra They extend from the junction between the pedicles and laminae

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15
Q

What is the vertebral body

A

anterior of vertebrae, weight bearing

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16
Q

What is the vertebral foramen

A

hole in the middle of the vertebra

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17
Q

what is the neural (vertebral arch)

A

formed by pedicles and laminae extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch

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18
Q

What are the lamina of the vertebrae

A

thin sheet beside the spinous process

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19
Q

what is the spinous process

A

central protruding spike

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20
Q

what are the transverse processes

A

2 lateral protrusions beside laminae

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21
Q

What is the pedical of the vertebrae

A

stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves

22
Q

What are the structures of a typical cervical vertebrae

A

-bifid spinous process
-modified transverse process (short)
-transverse foramen
-rectangular body
-uncinate process on main body
-triangular vertebral foramen

23
Q

What vertebrae connects to the skull

A

C1 -atlas (yes vertebra)

24
Q

what are the properties of the C1 vertebrae

A

-no vertebral body
- anterior & posterior arch
- concave support facet-connects to skull
- flat inferior facet
- groove for vertebral artery
- facet for Dens (2nd vertebra)

25
Q

what are the properties of the C2 (axis) vertebra

A

-odontoid process/dens- c1 uses to pivot
-flat superior facets
-bifid spinous process

26
Q

What are the properties of a typical thoracic vertebrae

A

circular foreman
thick transverse process
heart shaped vertebral body
transverse costal facet
superior & inferior costal demifacet
facets are rib articulations

27
Q

what animal does a thoracic vertebrae look like

A

GIRAFFE

28
Q

What are the properties of a typical lumbar vertebrae

A

-large bean shaped vertebral body
-narrow triangular vertebral foramen
-long thin transverse process
-broad quadrangular spinous process
-curled articular facets
- mammillary process
- accessory process

29
Q

what animal does a lumbar vertebrae resemble

A

moose

30
Q

What are the features of the sacrum

A

-sacral plateau
-ala - fused transverse processes
- anterior sacral foreman (holes on anterior)
-transverse ridge
-aricular surface where hip bones attach
- medial sacral crest (fused short version of spinal process)
-sacral hiatus - an opening present bottom of the sacral canal
-

31
Q

describe the coccyx

A

-2 to 4 fused vertebrae
- coccygeal cornu - little horns at top of coccyx attach to sacrum
-top vertebrae has transverse process

32
Q

What is the joint between vertebral bodies

A

intervertebral symphysis

33
Q

what is the joint between the articular processes

A

zygapophyseal joint - synovial planar gliding joints

34
Q

What are the 2 components of the intervertebral symphysis

A

Anulus fibrosa and nucleus pulposus which is force through the AF

35
Q

what does the intervertebral symphysis do

A

its a shock absorber and brace stabilizer

36
Q

What are the joints specific to the cervical spine

A
  • atlanto-occipital joints (between atlas and skull) (yes)
    -Atlanto-axial joints (between atlas and axial) (no)
  • uncovertebral joint - sit on each side of cervical disk allow stability in lateral flexion
37
Q

What are the joints supporting the thoracic spine

A

-costovertebral joint (where rib attaches to vertebral column)
- costotransverse joint (connect ribs to transverse process)

38
Q

how do you name the ribs

A

name is bases in the transverse process it articulates with so rib sits above corresponding vertebrae

39
Q

what are the supporting joints of the lumbosacral spine

A

-Lumbosacral symphysis
-sacrococcygeal joint
-sacroiliac joint (links the sacrum to the hip bone)

40
Q

What are the 2 muscle layers of the back

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

41
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles layers of the back

A

-superficial layer ( control upper limb)
- intermediate layer (control respiration)

42
Q

what is the intrinsic muscles layer of the back

A
  • deep layer (postural and move vertebral column + head)
43
Q

What are the superficial layer muscles of the back?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • rhomboid major & minor
  • levator Scapulae
44
Q

what are the intermediate layer muscles of the back

A

serratus posterior superior & inferior (rib cage movement and respiration)

45
Q

What are the deep layer muscles of the back

A
  • Spinotransversales group (extension + rotation of the head)
    -Erector spinae group - Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis (extensors of the vertebral column)
    -transversospinales (primary extensors)
46
Q

what are the spinal cord rootlets

A

rootlets are the axon bodies exiting from the spinal cord which then come together to form the spinal nerves

47
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

A

through the intervertebral foramen

48
Q

what is the membrane protecting the spinal cord

A

meninges

49
Q

how do nerves S1-S4 exit the sacrum

A

through anterior and posterior sacral foramen

50
Q

where does S5 and the coccygeal nerve exit the vertebral column

A

the sacral canal

51
Q

what nerves are in the anterior rootlets

A

motor neurons traveling away

52
Q

what nerves are in the posterior rootlets

A

sensory nerves traveling towards SC

Anatomy & Development (7 decks)

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