Gross Anatomy quiz 4 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Cubitus Valgus
A
An Abnormal increase in the carrying angle.
2
Q
An Abnormal increase in the carrying angle.
A
Cubitus Valgus
3
Q
Carrying angle
A
In anatomical position, the lateral angle between the ulna and humerus , the angle is bigger in females. Females deviates laterally 15 degrees
and males deviates laterally around 5 to 10 degrees.
4
Q
Females deviates laterally 15 degrees
and males deviates laterally around 5 to 10 degrees.
A
Carrying angle
5
Q
What allows the hand to be brought close to the face for eating or placed at a distance from the body, equal to the length of the upper extremity?
A
Elbow Complex
6
Q
The joint and muscles of elbow serve the hand and pivot the mobility for the hand in space, by being able to shorten and lengthen the upper extremity
A
Elbow Complex
7
Q
What two joints are included in the elbow complex?
A
Elbow joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint.
8
Q
Why are the elbow and proximal radio-ulnar joint considered to be a part of one complex
A
The radius and ulna are common articulating surfaces.
The joint cavity for the elbow is continuous with the joint cavity of the proximal radio ulnar joint
The ligaments associated with the elbow joint are continuous and part of the proximal radio-ulnar joint.
9
Q
What are the articulations for the elbow joint ?
A
Trochlea fossa of the humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna and the capitulum of the humerus with the head of the radius.
10
Q
What is the elbow joint classified as ?
A
Hinge/Ginglymus
11
Q
What is the nerve supply to the elbow joint
A
Musculocutaneous ,radial, ulna and radial nerve.
12
Q
What are the ligaments of the elbow joint
A
Capsular ligament
Lateral or radial collateral ligament
Medial or ulnar collateral ligament
Annular ligament
13
Q
The Elbow joint requires that the capsular ligament to be ____ both anterior and posterior in order to permit maximum ___ and ___
A
Loose; Flexion; Extension
14
Q
Strong collateral ligaments are required to limit ____ and ___ movements
A
Medial; Lateral
15
Q
Which bone do the capsular ligament of the elbow joint have attachments to ?
A
Humerus and ulna ( NOT Radius)
16
Q
Which ligament of the elbow joint runs form the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament ( so rotation of the radius is not limited)
A
Lateral or Radial Collateral ligaments.
17
Q
What doe the lateral or radial collateral ligament prevent ?
A
Adduction (medial movement ) at the elbow joint.
18
Q
What is the classification of the lateral or radial collateral ligament
A
Extrinsic ( acts like a rope)
19
Q
What ligament runs from the medial epicondyle to the proximal part of the ulna
A
Medial or ulnar collateral
20
Q
What does the medial or ulnar collateral prevent ?
A
Abduction ( lateral movement) at the joint
21
Q
What is the classification of the medial or ulnar collateral e
A
Extrinsic ( acts like a rope)
22
Q
What ligament is attached the margins of the radial notch of the ulna and surrounds but does NOT attach to the head and neck of the radius
A
Annular ligament
23
Q
Which ligament keeps the head of the radius in place
A
Annular ligament
24
Q
What is the classification of the annular ligament
A
Extrinsic ( acts like a wall)
25
The elbow joint is very stable ____ joint because of the wrench shape of the ____ ___ of the ulna articulating with the ___ of the humerus
Hinge; trochlea notch ; trochlea
26
The elbow joint is strengthened by strong _____ ligaments.
Collateral
27
What is the flexion at the elbow joint limited by ?
Soft tissue of the forearm meeting soft tissue of the arm.
28
What is extension at the elbow joint limited by
contact of the
Olecranon process
Olecranon Fossa
Anterior part of the capsular ligament
29
What type of elbow joint dislocation are common in which the proximal end of the ulna ( olecranon process) will become dislocated from the trochlea of the humerus
Posterior Dislocations
30
What other issues can accompany a posterior dislocation ?
Fracture of the head of radius
Fracture of the coronoid process of the ulna
Fracture of the olecranon process of the ulna
Torn ligament (ulnar collateral)
Injury to the ulnar nerve.
31
The close relationship of the ulnar nerve to the medial side of the elbow joint often results in the nerve becoming _____ or____ in dislocations or fracture dislocations of the joint
Compressed; lacerated
32
What injury joint would result in a patient complaining of paresthesia ( Numbness, pins and needle feeling) in the area of the fifth digit ?
Elbow joint ( ulnar Nerve)
33
What injured might show weakened flexion and addition of the hand at the wrist joint ?
Elbow Joint ( ulnar nerve )
34
What are the ways the ulnar nerve could get injured during an elbow dislocation ?
Being stretched or lacerated ( torn or deep Cut)
May become entrapped in scar tissue at the torn ligament
May become entrapped in new bone formation.
35
In full extension of the upper extremity, are the forearm and arm exactly aligned ?
no
36
It Is normal, especially in female, for the forearm to deviate laterally ___ degrees or a little more ( in males the angle is around ___ to ___ degrees)
15 degrees
5 to 10 degrees
37
What does the carrying angle allow
Allows the elbow to fit closely into the depression at the waist.
38
What is an increase in the carrying angle known as
Cubitus Valgus
39
What is the large bursa between the olecranon process and the skin known as ?
Olecranon bursa
40
Repeated excessive pressure on the olecranon bursa may cause it to become inflamed and produce a friction
friction;bursitis
41
What is the olecranon bursa's function
Dissipate( dissolve) the pressure produced when one leans on their elbow.
42
If the olecranon bursa is exposed to injury, during a fall or a abrasions or the skin covering the bursa, ____ ____ can occur
Bacterial infection
43
What is the articulation of the proximal radio ulna joint ?
Head of radius
| radial notch of the ulna
44
what is the classification of the proximal ( superior) Radio- ulnar joint, and what does that mean?
pivot/ trocrochoid joint ( supination / pronation)
where ONLY rotational movement is possible.
45
The capsular ligament of the proximal ( superior) radio- ulnar joint is continuous with that of the ____ joint
Elbow joint.
46
What two ligaments are specific to the proximal ( superior) radio ulnar joint
Interosseous membrane ( ligament) and the oblique chord.
47
what is the function of the interosseous membrane (ligament)
Limit supination beyond anatomical position
48
What is the function of the oblique chord?
Limits supination beyond anatomical position
49
What is the classification of the interosseous membrane ( ligament) ?
Extrinsic and acts like a rope.
50
What is the classification of the oblique chord ?
Extrinsic and acts like a rope
51
What is one of the most common musculosketal injuries seen in preschool children
Subluxation of the head of radius ( pulled or slipped elbow)
52
What injury is usually seen when the child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by the hand or forearm?
subluxation of the head of the radius (pulled or slipped elbow; nursemaid's elbow)
53
When a child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by the hand or forearm, that movement may tear the ________ ligament or pull the _____ of the _______ from under the ________ ligament.
annular; head; radius; annular
54
What are the signs and symptoms of a subluxation of the head of the radius (pulled or slipped elbow; nursemaid's elbow)?
very painful, extremity is held limply at the side (forearm is flexed and pronated), palpation reveals tenderness at the radial head, and supination of the forearm causes increased pain
55
What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
radius
56
Slipping of the head of radius from under the annular ligament. May caused by a sudden pulling of the arm or hand.
Arm is held in pronation, supination causes great pain
Subluxation of radial head
| pulled/ slipped elbow
( nursemaids Elbow)
57
Fracture of distal radius, fragment is displaced posteriorly. Due to a forward fall with an outstretched hand.
Clinically referred to as a dinner fork deformity.
Common in elderly women due to osteoporosis
Colle's Fracture
58
The radius articulates proximally with the humerus at the _______ ______ and with the ulna at the ________ ______-_____ ______.
elbow joint; proximal radio-ulna joint
59
The radius articulates distally with the ulna at the ______ ______-______ ________ and with the scaphoid and lunate to form the ______ ______.
distal radio-ulnar joint; wrist joint
60
What is the pivot bone, which moves during pronation and supination?
radius
61
What is the medial bone of the forearm?
ulna
62
The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the humerus at the ______ _____ and the radius at the ________ ______-______ ______.
elbow joint; proximal radio-ulnar joint
63
Distally, the ulna articulates with the radius to form the ______ ____-____ ______.
distal radio-ulna joint
64
What bone does not take part in the articulation of the wrist joint since there is a piece of cartilage known as the articular disc of the wrist found between the distal end of the ulna and the carpal bones?
ulna
65
What is the piece of cartilage found between the distal end of the ulna and the carpal bones?
articular disc of the wrist
66
What is the stabilizing bone of the forearm?
ulna
67
How many ossification centers does the radius have?
3
68
How many ossification centers does the ulna have?
3
69
How many primary centers does the radius have, and where are they located?
1, shaft
70
How many primary centers does the ulna have, and where are they located?
1, shaft
71
How many secondary centers does the radius have, and where are they located?
2, one for the distal end and one for the proximal end
72
How many secondary centers does the ulna have, and where are they located?
2, one for the distal end and one for the proximal end
73
What forearm bone starts to ossify first?
radius
74
What forearm bone starts to ossify last?
ulna
75
What forearm bone completes ossification first?
They both end at the same time.
76
Radius: distal ossification first appears
1-2 years
77
Radius: distal ossification fusion with shaft Occurs ?
20-24 yrs
78
Radius: proximal
| ossification first appears
4-7 years
79
Radius: proximal ossification fusion with shaft Occurs ?
14-17 years
80
Ulna: distal Ossification first appears ?
4-7 years
81
Ulna: Distal fusion with shaft
20-24 yrs
82
Ulna: proximal ossification first appears?
9-11 yrs
83
Ulna: proximal fusion with shaft appears
14-17 yrs
84
Fractures of the radius and ulna are usually due to severe and ______ _______ and produce a __________ fracture to the ______ of both bones.
direct trauma; transverse; shaft
85
Are isolated fractures to either the radius or ulna possible?
yes
86
Why is displaced of a fragment during a fracture of the radius or ulna usually considerable
the pull of muscle that attached.
87
can there be comminuted fractures in the radius and/ or ulna ? Explain ?
Yes,
88
What does comminuted mean
Broken in pieces
89
If the anatomical relationship of the radius, ulna, and the interosseous membrane are not restored, ________ and ________ may be impaired.
pronation; supination
90
What fracture is one of the most common fractures in adults, especially women over the age of 50 (due to osteoporosis)?
colles fracture
91
What fracture occurs at the distal end of the radius?
colles fracture
92
What type of fracture occurs when an individual falls on an outstretched hand with the forearm pronated and the force of the trauma moves through the carpal bones to the distal end of the radius?
colles fracture
93
In a colles fracture, the ______ fragment is displaced _________, producing a shortening of the ______ and this fragment may be ______
distal; posteriorly; radius; comminuted
94
What is dinner fork deformity a sign of?
colles fracture
95
Do colles fractures heal well? Why?
yes, since the bone has a good vascular supply
96
Failure to restore the normal articulation between the radius and carpal bones can lead to severe limitations of _______ and __________ at the wrist and may cause ______ ________ of the wrist joint.
flexion; extension; traumatic arthritis
97
What fracture is a reverse colles fracture?
smith's fracture
98
What fracture is due to a fall on the back of the hand, with the distal fragment of the radius displaced anteriorly?
smith's fracture
99
How many bones compose the carpus?
8 carpal bones
100
Fracture of the distal radius, fragment is displaced anteriorly. Due to a fall on the back of the hand.
Smiths Fracture.
101
What is the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral( triquetrum) and pisiform
102
What is the distal row of carpal bone from lateral to medial
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
103
How many ossification centers do the carpal bones have ?
1 each
104
When do the carpal bone begin to ossify
usually after birth, however in females, centers may appear in the capitate and hamate during the 9th month of development
105
What is the order the carpal bones ossify?
1. capitate and hamate
2. triquetral
3. lunate
4. trapezium, trapezoid, scaphoid
5. pisiform
106
When is ossification of the carpal bones completed?
14-16 years of age
107
What bones are used to estimate the age of a child of unknown age?
carpal bones
108
What are the five long bones of the hand?
metacarpals
109
What direction are the metacarpals numbered?
radial to ulnar side
110
What do the base of the metacarpals articulate with?
distal row of carpal bones
111
What do the heads of the metacarpals articulate with?
base of the proximal phalanges
112
What is the broadest and shortest metacarpal?
1st
113
What is the longest metacarpal?
2nd
114
List the metacarpals in order from longest to shortest.
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 1st
115
What are the short bones of each digit?
phalanges
116
How many phalanges does each digit have?
3 (proximal, middle, and distal) with the exception of the thumb which only has 2 (proximal and distal)
117
What are the varying number of bones embedded in some of the flexor tendons of the hand?
sesamoid bones
118
Where are the sesamoid bones most constant over?
MP joints of digit 1, 2, and 5; IP joint of digit 1
119
What are the functions of the sesamoid bones?
to protect and stabilize tendons, and
they change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their insertion (increase leverage)
120
What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
scaphoid
121
What carpal fracture often results from a fall on the palm with the hand hyperextended?
scaphoid
122
How much force does it take to fracture the scaphoid?
twice as much force as is needed to fracture the radius
123
What fracture is often confused with a "sprained" wrist?
scaphoid fracture
124
Tenderness and swelling in the anatomical snuffbox makes one suspicion for what type of fracture?
scaphoid fracture
125
Why can a scaphoid fracture be a serious issue?
some individuals will have a blood supply to the bone that is different than normal and this can cause a necrosis to the proximal part of the bone, and that can lead to a degenerative arthritis of the wrist joint
126
What fracture may lead to a nonunion of the fractured parts because of the pull of muscles that attach to the bone?
Hamate fracture
127
What nerve may be injured in the fracture of the hamate?
Ulnar nerve, Because it is close to the hook of the hamate.
128
Since the ___ to the ___ metacarpals are closely attached by ligaments, fractures tend to be stable.
2nd to the 5th
129
Do metacarpals have a good blood supply?
Yes, they tend to heal quickly
130
What is fractured during a boxers fracture
5th metacarpal
131
How is the 5th metacarpal fractured?
When an individual punches someone with a closed fist.
132
What fracture will cause instability to the first CM joint
Base of the 1st metacarpal
133
What is the CM joint?
Carpometacarpal ligament
134
What is usual cause of fracture of the phalanges?
Crushing injuries ( e.g. Finger caught in a door)
135
A fracture of what part of a phalanx may result in painful hematomas
Distal
136
What type of fracture ae commonly associated with extensor or flexor tendons by the phalanges?
Avulsion Fracture
137
What movement of the had at the wrist joint is the act of bending the palm of the hand toward the forearm ?
Flexion
138
What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of straightening the flexed hand?
Extension
139
What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is when the movement of extension is continued beyond anatomical position ?
Hyperextension
140
What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of the hand laterally away from the body
Abduction
141
What movement of the hand at the wrist joint is the movement of the hand medially toward the body ?
Adduction
142
What movement of the digits is bending the digit toward the palm
Flexion
143
What movement of the digits is straightening the flexed digits
Extension
144
What movement of the digits is movement of digits 1, 2,4 and 5 away from the midline
Abduction
145
What movement of the digits is movement of the digits 1,2,4 and 5 toward the midline of the hand?
Adduction
146
Can digit 3 adduct ?
No, it can only abduct either laterally or medially.
147
Where do the muscle of forearm mainly act?
Wrists and digits, although a few do act at the elbow and radio ulnar joint.
148
Where is majority of the fleshy mass on the forearm? why is it that way
Proximal part of the forearm, because the distal is mostly tendons it allows a greater number of muscles to have access to the hand than would otherwise be possible.
149
What is the common tendon of origin of origin for the anterior superficial forearm muscles?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
150
List the anterior superficial forearm muscles.
Pronator teres
Flexor Carpi
Palmaris Longus
Flexor carpi Ulnaris.
151
What is a small muscle found crossing the anterior aspect of he proximal anterior forearm
Pronator Teres
152
What forms the medial border of the cubital fossa
Pronator Teres
153
What is the origin of the pronator teres ?
Medial Epicondyle
| Humerus and coronoid process/ ulna
154
What is the insertion of pronator teres
Pronator ridge/ radius
155
What are the actions of the pronator teres ?
Pronation of the forearm at the proximal radio- ulnar joint
and Assist in flexion of the forearm.
156
What is the nerve supply to the pronator teres
Medium Nerve
157
What is a compression of the median nerve in the proximal forearm ?
Pronator teres Syndrome
158
What is the median nerve compressed between in pronator teres syndrome?
the two heads of the pronator teres.
Due to either trauma or excessive pronation or supination
159
What muscle is a typical long forearm muscle, and its tendon of insertion is the most laterally of the flexor group
Flexor carpi radials
160
What is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis ?
Medial epicondyle/ humerus
161
What is the intorsion of the flexor carpi radialis
Second metacarpal ( with a small slip to the 3rd metacarpal)
162
What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis ?
Equal prime mover for flexion at the wrist joint and abduction of the hand.
163
What is the nerve supply to the flexor carpi radialis
Median Nerve
164
What can a weakness in the flexor carpi radialis cause
Abnormal type of the hand at the wrist joint known as ulnar deviation.
165
What muscle is missing in about 15 % of the population ?
Palmaris longus
166
What muscle is found just medial to the flexor carpi radials
Palmaris longus
167
What muscle in many species operates the claw ?
Palmaris longus
168
What muscle is vestigial in humerus
Palmaris longus
169
What is the origin of the palmaris longus
The medial epicondyle and the
170
What is the insertion of the palmaris longus ?
Palmaris Aponeurosis
171
What are the actions of the palmaris longus
Weak flexion of the wrist.
| Tightness palmer aponeurosis and thus helps palmer grip.
172
What is the nerve supply for the palmaris longus
median nerve
173
What is the most medially situated of the long forearm muscles of the superficial anterior layer ?
Flexor carpi Ulnaris
174
What are the origins of the flexor carpi Ulnaris ?
Olecranon Process of the ulnar
And Medial epicondyle.
175
What are the insertions of the flexor carpi Ulnaris
Pisiform, Hamate and 5th metacarpal.
176
What are the actions of the flexor carpi Ulnaris
Equal Prime movers for the flexion at the wrist joint.
Adduction of the hand.
177
What is the nerve supply to the flexor carpi Ulnaris ?
Ulnar nerve
178
What will a weakness of the flexor carpi Ulnaris cause
An abnormal type of flexion of the hand at the wrist joint known as radial deviation.
179
What is the only muscle that is located in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm ?
flexor Digitorum superficialis
180
As the flexor Digitorum superficialis tendons of insertion cross the ___ join, it splits into a ___ separate tendons, which split at their point of attachment to permit the tendons of the _____ ______ _____ to pass through.
Wrist; four ; Flexor Digitorum profundus
181
what are the origins of the flexor Digitorum superficialis
shaft of the radius
and
Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
182
What are the actions of the flexor Digitorum superficialis ?
Flexes the Proximal interphalangeal jjoint of digit 2-5
Assist with flexion at wrist joints
183
What is the nerve supply of the flexor Digitorum superficialis
Median Nerve
184
What are the deep anterior forearm muscles ?
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus.
185
What muscle is found deep to the flexor Digitorum superficialis
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
186
what muscle, at the wrist, gives off four separate tendons, which pas thorugh the split tendons of the flexor Digitorum superficialis to their insertion on the medial four digits?
Flexor Digitorum profundus
187
What is the origin of the flexor Digitorum profundus
Shaft/Ulna
188
What is the insertion of the flexor Digitorum profundus
Distal phalanges digits 2-5
189
What are the actions of the flexor Digitorum profundus
Flexes Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
190
What is the nerve supply to the flexor Digitorum profundus ?
Median and Ulna nerves.
191
Is it possible to flex the DIP joints and PIP joints Separately ?
Yes
192
What is the most laterally places of the deep anterior forearm muscles?
Flexor pollicis Longus
193
What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus
Shaft/ Ulna
194
What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus ?
Flexes digit 1 at the IP joint
195
What is the nerve supply to the flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve
196
What is a flat, quadrilateral shaped muscle which is found at the anterior distal of the forearm
Pronator Quadratus
197
All of the tendons of the other long anterior forarm muscle are superical to what muscle ?
Pronator Quadratus
198
what is the origin of the protanor quadratus
Shaft/Ulna
199
What is the insertion of the pronator quadratus
Shaft/ radius
200
What are the action of the pronator quadratus ?
Pronates the forearm at the distal radio-ulnar joint and helps stabilize the distal ulnar joint.
201
What is the nerve supply to the pronator quadratus
Median nerve
202
What is a compression neuropathy to the median nerve at the proximal part of the forearm ?
pronator teres syndrome
203
What is a compression neuropathy to the median nerve at the distal part of the forearm ?
carpal tunnel syndrome
204
Radiocarpal Classification
Condyloid joint
205
Distal end of radius articular disc, scaphoid, lunate and triquetral.
Condyloid joint
206
Compression of the median nerve by the pronator teres muscle. Symptoms are similar to carpal tunnel syndrom, but also include the forearm
Pronator teres syndrome
207
Weakness of the flexor carpi ulnaris causes a more laterally favored flexion of the hand
Ulnar deviation
208
Weakness of the flexor carpi radialis causes a more laterally favored flexion of the hand
Radial deviation
209
Medium nerve damage, causes atrophy if the thenar muscles. The thumb is held close to the 2nd metacarpal.
Ape Hand
210
Ulnar Nerve damage, cannot fully flex digit 4 and 5
Claw hand
211
Compression of the ulnar nerve between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate
Guyons Canal Syndrome
212
Cyclist may put pressure on the area with their handlebars
Guyons Canals Syndroms
