Gross Block B Flashcards
(275 cards)
1
Q
enteric nervous system is involved with
A
the gut
2
Q
Cerebrum is composed of 3 parts
A
cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus
3
Q
basal ganglia is associated with
A
movement
4
Q
thalamus is aka
A
diencephalon
5
Q
thalamus is a relay to
A
the senses
6
Q
4 basic parts of the CNS
A
cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
7
Q
3 parts of brainstem
A
midbrain, pons, medulla
8
Q
optic chiasm-
A
bridge between 2 optic nerves before they separate
9
Q
CN 1 =
A
olfactory nerve
10
Q
CN 1 exit
A
cribiform plate
11
Q
CN 1 components
A
SVA
12
Q
main action of CN1
A
smell
13
Q
CN2 =
A
optic nerve
14
Q
CN2 exit
A
optic canal
15
Q
CN2 components
A
SSA
16
Q
main action of CN2
A
vision
17
Q
CN3 =
A
occulomotor nerve
18
Q
CN3 exit
A
superior orbital fissure
19
Q
cn3 components
A
GSE, GVE
20
Q
main function of cn3
A
eye movements, accomodation
21
Q
cn4 =
A
trochlear nerve
22
Q
cn4 exit
A
superior orbital fissure
23
Q
cn4 components
A
GSE
24
Q
cn4 main function
A
eye movements and accomodation
25
cn5 =
trigeminal nerve
26
cn5 exits
V1- superior orbital fissure
V2- foramen rotundum
V3- Foramen Ovale
27
cn5 components
GSA, SVE
28
cn5 main actions
sensor of head, dura, jaw movement
29
cn6 =
abducens nerve
30
cn6 exit
superior orbital fissure
31
cn6 components
GSE`
32
cn6 main function
eye movements, accomodation
33
cn7 =
facial nerve
34
cn7 exit
internal acoustic meatus
35
cn7 components
SVA, GVE, SVE, GSA
36
cn7 main actions
muscles of facial expression, taste, saliva, tearing
37
cn8 =
vestibulocochlear nerve
38
cn8 components
SSA
39
cn8 main actions
hearing and balance
40
cn9 =
glossopharyngeal nerve
41
cn9 exit
jugular foramen
42
cn9 components
SVE, SVA, GVA, GVE
43
cn9 main actions
taste, saliva, visceral sensor
44
cn10 =
vagus nerve
45
cn10 exit
jugular foramen
46
cn10 components
SVE, GVA, GVE
47
cn10 main actions
swallowing, speaking, visceral sensor, main component of parasympathetic
48
cn11 =
spinal accessory nerve
49
cn11 exit
jugular foramen
50
cn11 components
GSE
51
cn11 main actions
motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
52
cn12 =
hypoglossal
53
cn12 exit
hypoglossal canal
54
cn12 components
GSE
55
cn12 actions
motor to tongue
56
cn13 =
spinal cord
57
epidural space of skull is _____ space
potential
58
______ is pushed up against dura mater in skull
arachnoid
59
subdural space is _____ space
potential
60
subarachnoid space contains
CSF and blood vessels held between arachnoid and pia
61
what meningeal layer is intimate with the brain
pia mater
62
brain is suspended by
arachnoid trabecula
63
dura is very sensitive, well innervated by what nerves?
CN 5, CN 10, C2, C3
64
the nerve supplying dura mater generally follow
arteries
65
dura has own blood supply via
middle meningeal artery
66
dura has what 2 layers
periosteal and meningeal
67
periosteal/meningeal layers split in what 4 places
falx cerebri, dural sinuses, tentorium cerebelli, and tentorial incisura
68
falx cerebri-
sickle-shaped double layer of dura mater lying between the cerebral hemispheres. divides the two hemispheres
69
dural sinuses-
spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura
70
large veins from surface of the brain empty into _______ and most of the blood from teh brain ultimately drains through them into the _______
- dural sinuses
| - internal jugular veins
71
tentorium cerebelli-
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
72
tentorium cerebelli divides the cranial cavity into
supratentorial and infratentorial spaces
73
supratentorial space contains
cerebrum, telencephalon, and diencephalon
74
infratentorial space contains
cerebellum and brainstem
75
most pediatric brain tumors are in the ______ space
infratentorial
76
most adult brain tumors are in the ______ space
supratentorial
77
tentorial incisura/tentorial notch-
opening in the tentorium cerebelli for the passage of brainstem
78
CSF is produced in
choroid plexuses of ventricles
79
choroid plexuses are ______ cells that line all 4 ventricles of brain
epithelial (modified ependymal)
80
We produce ___ cc of CSF/hour
20
81
CSF is absorbed by _____ and goes back into venous circulation
arachnoid villi
82
which ventricles are largest
lateral ventricles
83
each lateral ventricle opens through an ______ into the 3rd ventricle
interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
84
which ventricle is located between the 2 halves of the thalamus
3rd ventricle
85
3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle via the
cerebral aqueduct
86
4th ventricle is ____ shaped
pyramid
87
4th ventricle is located within
pons/upper medulla
88
4th ventricle is where CSF leaves the ventricular system via ________ to enter subarachnoid space
median and lateral apertures
89
arachnoid granulations/villi-
small projections of arachnoid mater into the superior sagittal sinus
90
what is the main site of CSF absorption into the venous system
arachnoid villi/granulations
91
CSF goes pathway:
ventricles-->subarachnoid space-->arachnoid granules--> superior saggital sinus--> internal jugular veins
92
brain is __ % body mass but takes up ___% of blood supply, ___% of glucose, and ___% of O2
- 2
- 20
- 25
- 20
93
85% of strokes are
| 15% are
- occlusive
| - hemorrhagic
94
circle of willis consists of what arteries (5)
posterior cerebral artery (PCA), Posterior communicating artery (PComA), Internal carotid artery (ICA), Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and Anterior communicating artery (AComA)
95
Circle of willis isnt always complete. Most often missing artery is
anterior communicating artery
96
basic layout of venous drainage in the brain is brain-->?
-->dural venous sinuses-->internal jugular veins
97
dural venus sinuses are located
between the 2 layers of dura
98
superior saggital sinus-
dural venous sinus that lies in convex attached border of teh falx cerebri. Major sinus along superior medial portion of the brain
99
5 dural venous sinuses to know
superior saggital sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, inferior and superior petrosal sinus.
100
confluence of sinuses-
point where superior saggital, straight, occipital and transverse sinuses meet
101
blood collected in the confluence of sinuses is drained by
the transverse sinus
102
the transverse sinus becomes the
sigmoid sinus
103
sigmoid sinus drains into the
internal jugular vein
104
cavernous sinus-
large venous plexus located on each side of the sella turcica on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid
105
a lot of traffic comes through the cavernous sinus, including what 6 things
internal carotid artery, CN 6, 3, 4, 5(V1 and 2)
106
name the only place in the body where a major artery passes through a pool of venous blood
cavernous sinus
107
danger zone-
cavernous sinus. if infection enters it, it can easily be transferred to the brain
108
cavernous sinus allows for heat exchange between
venous blood in cavernous sinus and ICA
109
non communicating hydrocephalus-
occlusion of CSF through ventricles
110
communicating hydrocephalus
normal pressure hydrocephalus. arachnoid villi arent taking up CSF, resulting in too much volume
111
communicating hydrocephalus has acute/chronic onset?
acute
112
common solution to communicating hydrocephalus
use a shunt: run a tube from ventricle to peritoneal cavity
113
communicating hydrocephalus is common in what age group
elderly
114
The communicating hydrocephalus triad
mental decline, urinary incontinence, and magnetic gait
115
5 major parts of the brain:
telencephalon, diencephalon, brain stem, cranial nerves, ventricles
116
telencephalon structures
neocortex, limbic, basal ganglia
117
telencephalon is responsible for
perception, thinking, emotion, memory, drives
118
diencephalon structures
thalamus and hypothalamus
119
diencephalon is responsible for
filtering of senses, motor relay, visceral 'brain' (hypothalamus)
120
brain stem structures
midbrain, pons, medulla
121
midbrain is home to what CNs
3 and 4
122
pons is home to what CNs
5, 6, 7, 8
123
medulla is home to what CNs
9, 10, 11, 12
124
surgeons avoid sulci because
that is where veins and arteries tend to cozy up
125
glial cells outnumber neurons in what ratio
10:1
126
2 major types of glial cells
oligodendroglia and astroglia
127
oligodendroglia
responsible for CNS myelination
128
astroglia
support cells, establish BBB
129
what chemical is injected in blood to show efficacy of BBB
horseradish peroxidase
130
where are your superciliary arches
above the eyebrows
131
what 2 processes lie on the temporal bone
mastoid process and styloid process
132
pterion-
area formed by the frontal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoid bone, and the temporal bone
133
what is just inside the pterion
middle meningeal artery
134
lambda-
point where the lambdoid suture joins the superior saggital suture
135
bregma-
point where the coronal suture joins the sagittal suture
136
asterion-
junction of three sutures (parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid)
137
inion-
most prominent point of external occipital protuberance
138
glabella-
smooth prominence above the nasion
139
SCALP covers the
calvaria
140
SCALP stands for-
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum
141
superficial infections of the scalp tend to remain superficial because
the fibrous tissue is dense
142
the 2 main arteries contributing blood to the scalp
external and internal carotid arteries
143
branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp(3)
occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, and superficial temporal artery
144
internal carotid branches of the scalp (2)
supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries (which branch from the opthalmic artery that branched from the internal carotid)
145
2 dorsal rami that supply the scalp
greater occipital nerve (C2) and Third occipital nerve (C3)
146
2 ventral rami that supply the scalp
greater auricular nerve (C2, C3) and lesser occipital nerve (C2, C3)
147
4 divisions of CN 5 that supply the scalp
auriculotemporal nerve (V3), zygomaticotemporal nerve (V2), supratrochlear nerve (V1), supra-orbital nerve (V1)
148
galea aponeurotica-
aponeurosis + epicranius muscle
149
epicranius muscle-
muscles of facial expression
150
Danger area of scalp-
loose connective tissue layer, especially near the frontalis muscle. Infection can enter the skull via emissary veins
151
emissary veins-
go from the outside to inside of skull
152
diploic veins-
veins in between the outer and inner layer of the skull
153
diploic veins can make connections with _______ veins
emissary
154
where is the pericranium continuous with the endocranium?
at the sutures and foramina
155
SMAS stands for
superficial musculo-aponeurotic system
156
SMAS extends from where to where?
platysma muscle to galea aponeurotica
157
SMAS is continuous with ______ and _______
temporoparietal fascia and galea aponeurotica
158
what is risorious m. for?
smiling
159
buccinator muscle is found in
the cheek
160
Facial nerve sends out a _________ branch which supplies some of the posterior muscles and occipitalis muscle
posterior auricular branch
161
posterior auricular nerve innervates
posterior auricular muscle and occipitalis muscle
162
4 motor branches of facial nerve
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
163
marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve go towards
the mouth
164
if facial nerve is damaged immediately after the stylomastoid foramen, what will happen?
all the muscles of facial expression will be knocked out
165
if damage to facial nerve is immediately after the genticulate ganglion, then what will happen?
all muscles of facial expression will be knocked out as well as the other functions of CN VII
166
largest cranial nerve
cranial nerve
167
trigeminal nerve originates from the
trigeminal ganglia located in the skull
168
3 branches of trigeminal nerve
opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
169
which branch of trigeminal nerve has motor innervation
V3
170
the ____ segment of V3 is deep to the _____ segment
motor; sensory
171
opthalmic division (V1) gives off what branches? (5)
supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, and external nasal nerves
172
branches of maxillary division (V2)`
infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, and zygomaticotemporal nerves
173
branches of mandibular division (V3) (sensory)
buccal, mental, and auriculotemporal nerves
174
buccal nerve pierces _____ and supplies ______ (sensory)
- buccinator
| - mucosa on inside of cheek
175
mental nerve supplies __________ (sensory)
mucosa of gingiva and skin of the chin
176
the nerves that supply sensory to the face-
V1, 2, 3, and the greater auricular nerve
177
trigeminal neuralgia-
sudden attack of excruciating pain along distribution of maxillary, mandibular, or opthalmic divisions of trigeminal nerve
178
causes of trigeminal neuralgia-
aberrant blood vessels, aneurysms, brain tumor compressing trigeminal root.
179
treatment for tic douloureux-
usually just have to cut sensory root
180
facial artery branches into
superior and inferior labia arteries
181
superficial temporal artery runs anterior to
ear
182
facial vein is sometimes referred to as
angular vein
183
superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein join to form
retromandibular vein
184
retromandibular vein divides and sends anterior branch that joins with ______ to become ______
anterior facial vein
| common facial vein
185
retromandibular vein divides and sends posterior branch that joins with ______ to become ______
posterior auricular vein
| external jugular vein
186
external jugular vein goes diagonally across ______ and drains into ______
sternocleidomastoid muscle
| subclavian vein
187
any infection can run back into the skull via ______, _____, ______, or ________
superior opthalmic vein, inferior opthalmic vein, dural venal sinuses, or pterygoid plexus
188
infection entering pterygoid plexus can cause
cavernous sinus thrombosis
189
parotid gland lies on _____ muscle
masseter
190
name 3 structures in parotid gland from superficial to deep
facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery
191
parotid duct crosses over ____ muscle, penetrates _____ muscle, and opens into _________
- masseter
- buccinator
- vestibule of oral cavity opposite second maxillary molar
192
all sympathetics to head must synapse in
superior cervical ganglion
193
parasympathetic nerve to parotid gland
CN IX (inferior salivary nucleus)
194
what nerve component of CN IX acts on parotid gland
GVE
195
CN IX synapses at ________ in the infratemporal fossa before going to parotid gland
otic ganglion
196
subdural hematomas occur from vessels that supply the
brain
197
all muscles of mastication are derived from
the first pharyngeal arch
198
functional components of CN V3
GSA and SVE
199
nerves that lie in ITF
branches of V3, chorda tympani, lesser petrosal nerve, and otic ganglion
200
veins that lie in ITF (5)
superficial temporal, pterygoid plexus, maxillary, deep facial, and retromandibular
201
2 major foramen of ITF
foramen ovale and spinosum
202
foramen spinosum is anterior/posterior to foramen ovale?
posterior
203
groove leading up to foramen spinosum is created by
MMA that enters this foramen
204
pterygoid fovea location
anterior-medial face of head of mandible
205
intrinsic ligaments of TMJ
joint capsule and lateral ligament
206
extrinsic ligaments of TMJ
stylomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament
207
stylomandibular ligament runs from _______ to ______
styloid process of temporal bone to posterior aspect of mandible
208
sphenomandibular ligament runs from ____ to ____
spine of sphenoid to lingula of mandible
209
what is the main ligament of the TMJ
sphenomandibular ligament
210
______ serves as the check ligament to prevent excessive motion of the mandible
sphenomandibular ligament
211
________ acts as a fulchrum for jaw movement
sphenomandibular ligament
212
what kind of joint is TMJ
modified hinge joint
213
actions of superior cavity of TMJ
protrusion/retrusion
214
actions of inferior cavity of TMJ
depression, elevation, and rotation
215
pain from jaw dislocation is transmitted via what nerves?
auriculotemporal, and masseteric nerves
216
lateral pterygoid m inserts on __________
pterygoid fovea and articular disc
217
all muscles of mastication are derivatives of
first pharyngeal arches
218
distal attachment of temporalis m
coronoid process of mandible and anterior border of ramus of mandible
219
action of temporalis m
the major elevator of mandible. also retracts the jaw
220
masseter m proximal and distal attachments
zygomatic arch and ramus of mandible/coronoid process of mandible
221
action of masseter m
elevator and protruder of mandible
222
which 2 muscles of mastication form a powerful sling with each other around the angle of the mandible?
masseter and medial pterygoid
223
proximal attachments of medial pterygoid
superficial head- tuberosity of maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bone
deep head- medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
224
distal attachment of medial pterygoid m.
medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible
225
action of medial pterygoid muscle
elevate and protrude the mandible
226
proximal attachments of lateral pterygoid m
superior head- infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
inferior head- lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
227
distal insertion of lateral pterygoid m
joint capsule and articular disc of TMJ; pterygoid fovea
228
action of lateral pterygoid m
protrudes mandible, initiates jaw opening, and lateral mandibular movements
229
the only muscle that actively opens and protrudes the jaw
lateral pterygoid muscle
230
the maxillary artery usually sits superficially to the _____ muscle
lateral pterygoid
231
CN V3 is mostly sensory/motor?
sensory
232
components of CN V3
GSA and SVE
233
Where does CN V3 leave skull?
foramen ovale
234
besides muscles of mastication, what 4 muscles does CN V3 innervate?
mylohyoid, anterior belly of diagastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini
235
undivided trunk of CN V3 exits foramen ovale then splits to give off what 2 divisions
anterior and posterior divisions
236
2 motor nerves coming off undivided trunk of CN V3
tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and medial pterygoid nerves
237
sensory nerve coming off undivided trunk of CN V3`
recurrent meningeal nerve
238
4 nerves coming off anterior division of CN V3
masseteric, deep temporal, lateral pterygoid, and long buccal nerves
239
masseteric nerve-
travels thru mandibular notch to masseter muscle and does a little bit of sensory innervation to the TMJ
240
deep temporal nerves innervate
temporalis muscle
241
components of nerve to lateral pterygoid
GSA GSE
242
long buccal nerve is sensory to
skin and mucosa of cheek.
243
long buccal nerve travels in between
the 2 heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle
244
2 major branches of posterior division of CN V3
lingual and inferior alveolar nerves
245
inferior alveolar nerve travels through what structure
mandibular foramen
246
inferior alveolar nerve emerges from mental foramen as _____ nerve
mental
247
inferior alveolar nerve has a motor branch that innervates
mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of diagastric muscle
248
lingual nerve supplies-
mucosa of anterior 2/3 of the tongue, mucosa of floor of mouth, and gingiva of lingual aspect of mandible
249
______ ganglion is suspended from lingual nerve
submandibular ganglion
250
what nerve hitches a ride on the lingual nerve?
chorda tympani nerve
251
auriculotemporal nerve branches off of-
posterior division of CN V3
252
what nerve loops around the MMA
auriculotemporal nerve
253
auriculotemporal nerve sensory innervates (6)
TMJ, Tympanic membrane, skin over parotid gland, skin of temporal region, skin of auricle, skin of external auditory canal
254
otic ganglion is inferior to what foramen?
foramen ovale
255
components of chorda tympani
SVA, GVE
256
chorda tympani exits skull via _______ as part of the facial nerve then travels into ______ and continues across _______ before entering the ITF
- internal acoustic meatus
- middle ear
- tympanic membrane
257
chorda tympani provides SVA to
anterior 2/3 of tongue (taste)`
258
parasympathics of chorda tympani supply
salivary glands
259
preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of chorda tympani are found in
superior salivary nucleus
260
parasympathetic fibers of chorda tympani synapse at
submandibular ganglion
261
postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers of chorda tympani supply
submandibular and sublingual glands and mucosa on floor of mouth
262
if you lose feeling to anterior 2/3 of tongue, what nerve is damaged?
trigeminal nerve issue
263
if you cannot taste, what nerve is damaged?
facial nerve
264
if you lose both taste and sensation to tongue, what nerve is damaged?
most likely the lingual nerve
265
lesser petrosal nerve is a branch of
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
266
lesser petrosal nerve brings parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to _________, where they synapse. The postsynaptics then leave and join the ________ nerve for distribution to the parotid gland
- otic ganglion
| - auriculotemporal nerve
267
external carotid artery ends as what 2 arteries?
superficial temporal and maxillary
268
maxillary artery is divided into 3 portions:
mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine branches
269
4 branches of mandibular portion of maxillary artery
deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, and inferior alveolar arteries
270
what artery supplies teeth?
inferior alveolar artery
271
middle meningeal artery enters skull through _______
foramen spinosum
| *** there is often an accessory MMA
272
4 branches of pterygoid portion of maxillary artery
deep temporalis, pterygoid, masseteric, and buccal arteries
273
buccal artery travels with
long buccal nerve
274
______ plexus of veins drains into the maxillary veins, which drain into _______
- pterygoid
| - retromandibular vein
275
pterygoid plexus communicates with _______ sinus
cavernous
