Gross Test 1

Question 0

Trapezius

Answer 0

O: EOP, nuccal lig, spinous processes C7-T12, medial third of superior nuccal line
I: lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion
Inn: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), C3, C4
Act: Upper: elevates, Medial: retracts, Lower: depresses

Question 1

Latissimus Dorsi

Answer 1

I: thoracolumbar fascia, bottom 6 vertebrae thoracic spinous processes, last 3/4 ribs, iliac crest
O: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Inn: Thoracodorsal C6, C7, C8
Act: extension, medial rotation, adduction

Question 2

Rhomboid Minor

Answer 2

O: spinous processes of C7-T1
I: triangular area at medial end of spine of scapula
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Action: retraction of scapula & rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall

Question 3

Rhomboid Major

Answer 3

O: spinous processes of T2-T5
I: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior border
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Act: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall

Question 4

Levator Scapulae

Answer 4

O: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
I: medial border of scapula superior to root of spine
Inn: dorsal scapular C5, cervical C3 C4
Act: elevate scapula and tilt gleniod cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Question 5

Obliquus capitis inferior

Answer 5

O: spinous process of C2
I: transverse process of C1
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

Question 6

Obliquus capitis superior

Answer 6

O: transverse process of C2
I: between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

Question 7

Rectis capitis posterior major

Answer 7

O: spinous process of C2
I: lateral end of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

Question 8

Rectis capitis posterior minor

Answer 8

O: posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1
I: medial third of inferior nuchal line
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

Question 9

Serratus posterior superior

Answer 9

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T5
I: superior borders of 2nd and 4th ribs
Inn: 2nd and 5th intercostal nerves
Act: elevate ribs

Question 10

Serratus posterior inferior

Answer 10

O: inferior border of 8th-12th ribs near angles
I: spinous processes of T11-L2
Inn: 9th and 11th intercostal nerve, subcostal (T12) nerve
Act: depress ribs

Question 11

Iliocostalis

Answer 11

O: broad tendon of posterior iliac crest, posterior portion of sacrum, sacro-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
I: superior to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extend (bi), laterally flex (all together)

Question 12

Longissimus

Answer 12

O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, sacral-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inf lumbar spinous processes
I: transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, mastoid process of temporal bone, rib between tubercles
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lat flexion

Question 13

Spinalis

Answer 13

O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, spinous processes of sacrum and inf lumbar, supraspinatus lig, sacro-iliac lig
I: superiorly to spinous process of upper thoracic region and cranium
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lateral flexion

Question 14

Splenius capitis

Answer 14

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T6
I: lateral third of superior nuchal line, supralaterally on mastoid process
Inn: posterior rami
Act: lateral flexion and rotate head side to side of active muscle (single), extend head and neck (together)

Question 15

Splenius cervicis

Answer 15

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes C7-T6
I: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
Inn: posterior rami
Act: laterally flex of rotate to side that muscle is activated (alone), extend (together)

Question 16

Semispinalis

Answer 16

O: transverse processes of C4-T10
I: spanning 4-6 segments, runs supermedially to occiptal bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extends, moves them contralaterally

Question 17

Multifidus

Answer 17

O: posterior sacrum, posterior of superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, mamillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, sacro-iliac lig, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular process of C4-C7
I: entire length of spinous processes, 2-4 segments superior to the origin
Inn: posterior rami
Act: during contraction, rotates to contralateral side

Question 18

Rotatores

Answer 18

O: transverse processes of vertebrae
I: superomedially to attach to transverse or spinous process immediately (brevis) above or 2 segments (longus)
Inn: posterior rami
Act: local extension and rotatory movements, proprioceptors, stabilize

Question 19

What makes up the triangle of ausculation?

Answer 19

Lat, trap, rhom major

Question 20

what is the border of the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 20

Obliquus capitis inf, obiquus capitis sup, rectis capitis posterior major, rectis capitis posterior minor

Question 21

what makes up the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 21

posterior arch of C1, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Question 22

what makes up the roof of the subocciptal triangle?

Answer 22

semispinalis capitis

Question 23

platysma

Answer 23

O: inf border of mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of lower face
I: fascia of superior pectoralis major and deltoid
Inn: cervical branch of facial nerve (XII)
Act: draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it, draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched

Question 24

SCM

Answer 24

O: lateral mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral portion of superior nuchal line I: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum, superior medial third of clavicle Inn: accessory nerve (CN XI), C2 C3 Act: Uni: tilt head to same side with head facing superiorly to opposite side. Bi: extend neck at atlanto-occipital joint, flex cervical vert so neck goes towards manubrium, extend sup cervical vertebra while flexing inf vertebrae, also may elevate manubrium and medial end of clavicles with deep breathing

Question 25

what marks the end of the spinal cord?

Answer 25

conus medullus

Question 26

middle scalene

Answer 26

O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C7 I: superior surface of 1st rib, posterior to groove for subclavian artery Inn: ant rami Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates first rib during forced inspiration

Question 27

posterior scalene

Answer 27

O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6 I: ext border of 2nd rib Inn: ant rami, C7 C8 Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration

Question 28

anterior scalene

Answer 28

O: ant tubercles of trans processes of C3-C6 I: 1st rib Inn: cervical spinal nerves C4-C6 Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

Question 29

root of brachial plexus

Answer 29

union of anterior rami C5-T1 (pass through middle and anterior scalene muscles with the subclavian artery

Question 30

posterior triangle of neck

Answer 30

AKA lateral cervical region | -made up on occipital triangle and omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle

Question 31

main contents and understanding of posterior triangle of neck

Answer 31

- descending part of trap muscles - post branches of cervical plexus of nerves - spinal accessory nerve - trunks of brachial plexus - cervicodorsal trunk - cervical lymph nodes - subclavian artery - part of subclavian vein - suprascapular artery - supraclavicular lymph nodes

Question 32

roof of post cervical triangle

Answer 32

deep cervical fascia

Question 33

floor of post cervical triangle

Answer 33

levator scapulae, scalenus (post and middle), splenius capitis

Question 34

boundaries of post cervical triangle

Answer 34

SCM, trap, middle third of clavicle

Question 35

contents of cervical posterior triangle

Answer 35

ext jugular vein, post section of cervical branches of nerves, spinal accessory nerve, trunks of brachial plexus, cervicodorsal trunk, cervical lymph nodes, subclavian artery, part of subclavian vein, suprascapular artery, supraclavicular lymph nodes

Question 36

which nerve arises from the superior trunk of brachial plexus?

Answer 36

suprascapular nerve

Question 37

superficial branches of cervical plexus are _____?

Answer 37

cutaneous

Question 38

deep branches of the cervical plexus are ____?

Answer 38

motor (including phrenic nerve and ansa cervacalis

Question 39

where is the nerve point of the neck?

Answer 39

middle of posterior border of SCM where cutaneous branches of cervical plexus emerge

Question 40

cervical plexus receives its communication from the ____?

Answer 40

superior cervical ganglion

Question 41

lesser and greater occipital nerve is ___?

Answer 41

C2

Question 42

C2 and C3 make up the _______ nerve?

Answer 42

greater auricular

Question 43

what are AV shunts? what are they used for?

Answer 43

direct communication between arterial to venous side with need for capillaries. They are prevalent in the skin and used for conserving body heat

Question 44

What is an example of large elastic artery?

Answer 44

aorta

Question 45

The femoral artery is an example of which type of artery?

Answer 45

medium muscular artery

Question 46

small arteries have narrow ______ and a thick _____.

Answer 46

lumina, muscle wall

Question 47

small arteries depend greatly on ____. A high one can result in hypertension.

Answer 47

tonus

Question 48

The cranial flat bones are which type of joint?

Answer 48

fibrous suture

Question 49

an example of a fibrous syndesmosis joint is?

Answer 49

ulanradial joint joined by the interosseous membrane

Question 50

a fibrous gomphosis joint is the _______?

Answer 50

teeth

Question 51

a primary cartilaginous joint is called _________. An example is _______.

Answer 51

synchondrosis, femur/pelvis=hip (hyaline)

Question 52

a secondary cartilaginous joint is called _______. an example is the ________.

Answer 52

symphysis, IV disks between vertebrae

Question 53

The most common and important type of joint is the _______.

Answer 53

synovial

Question 54

The atlanto-axial joint is a synovial joint. Which type of synovial joint is it?

Answer 54

pivot

Question 55

Two examples of ball and socket joints are?

Answer 55

hip, shoulder

Question 56

an example of a condyloid joint is the ______?

Answer 56

metacarpophalangeal

Question 57

a saddle joint can be found where in the body?

Answer 57

carpometacarpal (wrist)

Question 58

two examples of hinge joints found in the body are?

Answer 58

elbow, knee

Question 59

a plane joint can be found where in the body?

Answer 59

acromioclavicular, facets of vertebrae (synovial type)

Question 60

which are primary curvatures of the back?

Answer 60

thoracic and sacral

Question 61

which are secondary curvatures of the back?

Answer 61

cervical and lumbar

Question 62

excessive kyphosis occurs where?

Answer 62

thoracic

Question 63

excessive lordosis occurs where?

Answer 63

lumbar

Question 64

The _______ join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body.

Answer 64

pedicles

Question 65

articular processes form which type of joint?

Answer 65

zygopophyseal

Question 66

what type of joint is a zygopophyseal joint considered?

Answer 66

plane synovial

Question 67

C3-C5 have what unique characteristic?

Answer 67

bifid

Question 68

what makes the cervical vertebrae unique compared to other vertebrae along the spine?

Answer 68

cervical have transverse foramen

Question 69

what is the strongest cervical vertebrae

Answer 69

C2 axis

Question 70

body of the thoracic vertebrae is _____ shaped

Answer 70

heart

Question 71

the vertebral foramen is larger or smaller in the thoracic region compared to cervical/lumbar regions?

Answer 71

smaller

Question 72

the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae is unique in that it ______

Answer 72

slopes inferiorly and is very long

Question 73

the myotomes are....

Answer 73

``` C3-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive C5 elbow flexion C6 wrist extension C7 elbow extension C8 finger flexion T1 finger abduction T1-T12 thoracic wall/abs L2 hip flexion L3 knee extension L4 ankle flexion L5 toe extension S1 ankle plantar flexion S3-S5 bowel, bladder, sex organs ```

Question 74

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 74

31

Question 75

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 75

12

Question 76

the PNS is made up of what?

Answer 76

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 77

the CNS is made up of what?

Answer 77

brain and spinal cord

Question 78

sensory is also known as _______

Answer 78

afferent

Question 79

motor is also known as _____

Answer 79

efferent

Question 80

sensory (afferent) division sends info from ____ to ____.

Answer 80

peripheral to CNS

Question 81

motor (efferent) sends info from _____ to _____.

Answer 81

CNS, rest of body

Question 82

motor division separates into _____ and _____

Answer 82

autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)

Question 83

only cell to be in CNS and PNS

Answer 83

neurons

Question 84

cells of PNS

Answer 84

schwann, neurons, satellite

Question 85

cells of CNS

Answer 85

neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, choroid plexus cells

Question 86

grey matter is a collection of ______ ______ and ________.

Answer 86

cell bodies, dendrites

Question 87

white matter is a collection of ______

Answer 87

axons

Question 88

cerebral cortex has a lot of ______ matter

Answer 88

grey

Question 89

in the spinal cord, ______ matter surrounds the ______ matter

Answer 89

white, grey

Question 90

thalamus, basal ganglia and cortex are all composed of _____ matter

Answer 90

grey

Question 91

dorsal rami contain ____ and ____ parts

Answer 91

motor, sensory

Question 92

largest amount of white matter is located in the _______ segment of the spinal cord

Answer 92

cervical

Question 93

cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system are located in the _____

Answer 93

thoracic cord

Question 94

lateral horns are located in which segment of spinal cord?

Answer 94

thoracic

Question 95

_______ have largest amount of grey matter

Answer 95

lumbar (bc lots of motor function to lower limbs needed)

Question 96

sacral has less white matter because ...

Answer 96

most info has already been sent out already

Question 97

from superficial to deep what are the three membraneous layers of the spinal cord?

Answer 97

dura, arachnoid, pia

Question 98

where does the spinal dural sac end?

Answer 98

S1-S2

Question 99

what anchors the spinal dural sac to the coccyx?

Answer 99

filum terminale

Question 100

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

Answer 100

CSF

Question 101

what is a main function of the CSF?

Answer 101

act as a cushion for the spinal cord

Question 102

what composes the filum terminale as well as denticulate ligaments?

Answer 102

pia mater

Question 103

what is the function of the denticulate ligament?

Answer 103

to separate the dorsal and ventral roots

Question 104

what type of bone is sacrum?

Answer 104

irregular

Question 105

what type of bone is the pelvis?

Answer 105

flat

Question 106

is the anterior (ventral) root sensory or motor?

Answer 106

efferent (motor)

Question 107

does the dorsal root carry sensory or motor?

Answer 107

sensory (afferent)

Question 108

all bones are derived from ______

Answer 108

mesenchyme

Question 109

intramembranous ossification

Answer 109

- derived directly from mesenchyme | - mesenchyme models at embryonic, ossification at fetal period

Question 110

endochondral ossification

Answer 110

- cartilage derived from mesenchyme | - cartilage models from mesenchyme at fetal period and then bone forms from cartilage

Question 111

how do long bones grow?

Answer 111

endochondral ossification

Question 112

when mesenchymal cells condense they differentiate into ________

Answer 112

chondroblasts

Question 113

what cells compose the cartiligenous bone model?

Answer 113

chondroblasts

Question 114

the periosteal bud is made up of ______ and _____ ____?

Answer 114

periosteal capillaries and osteogenic cells

Question 115

the primary ossification center is located in the ______

Answer 115

diaphysis

Question 116

the secondary ossification center is located in the _______

Answer 116

epiphysis

Question 117

synostosis

Answer 117

the formation of the epiphyseal plates being replaced by bone to form the epiphyseal line

Question 118

nutrient arteries and veins pass through the shaft of the long bone via the _________ _______

Answer 118

nutrient foramena

Question 119

what nerves regulate blood flow through bone marrow?

Answer 119

vasomotor

Question 120

what law states that the nerve supplying the joint also supply the muscles that move the joint and the skin

Answer 120

Hilton's

Question 121

concentric contraction example

Answer 121

deltoid muscle shortens to raise are in abduction

Question 122

eccentric contraction example

Answer 122

deltoid relaxes and lengthen to bring arm down in adducting movement

Question 123

the structural unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____ and a functional unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____

Answer 123

muscle fiber, motor unit

Question 124

the outward expansion of the bellies of contracting skeletal muscles in the legs for example, compresses the veins, "milking" the blood superiorly towards heart is known as what process

Answer 124

musculovenous pump

Question 125

actions of suboccipital triangle muscles are

Answer 125

- extend head on C1 | - rotate the head and the C1 on C2 vertebrae