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Biochem Lec FINALS > Group 2 Ppt > Flashcards

Group 2 Ppt Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleic acid is one of the _____ remarkable properties of living cells.

A

Most

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2
Q

______ have ability to produce nearly exact replicas of themselves through ______ of generations.

A

Nucleic acid, hundreds

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3
Q

The transfer of necessary genetic information to new cells is accomplished by means of biomolecules called ______.

A

Nucleic acid

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4
Q

Nucleic acid have ____ molecular weight compounds represent _____ information.

A

High, coded

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5
Q

Nucleic acid have nearly _____ variety of possible structures that enables them to represent the huge amount of information that must be transmitted ____ or _____ to produce a living organism.

A

Infinite, sexually, asexually

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6
Q

What are the two categories of nucleic acid

A

RNA
DNA

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7
Q

It is found mainly in the cytoplasm of living cells

A

RNA

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8
Q

It is found primarily in the nuclei of cells

A

DNA

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9
Q

Both DNA and RNA are _____, consisting of _____, ____ molecules.

A

Polymers, long, linear

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10
Q

Is the repeating structural units or monomers of the nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

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11
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three simpler components; ________, _______, and __________.

A
  1. Heterocyclic/ nitrogenous bases
  2. Sugar
  3. Phosphate
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12
Q

_______ base, also called _______, are two planar _____ heterocyclic compounds that forms an important part of the nucleotides.

A

Nitrogenous, nucleobases, aromatic

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13
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases

A

Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, uracil

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14
Q

What is the sugar component of RNA?

A

D-ribose , as the name ribonucleic acid implies

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15
Q

What is the sugar component of DNA?

A

D-deoxyribose, as it lacks one oxygen atom at the second position of the heterocyclic ring.

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16
Q

______ is the third component of nucleotides, is derived from phosphoric acid with under cellular pH condition.

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

DNA structure is made up of ____ linked strands that’s intertwined around each other to resemble _______ in a _____ like shape.

A

Two, twisted ladder, helix

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18
Q

Each strand of DNA has a _____, that is made of ______ sugar (deoxyribose) and ______ groups

A

Backbone, alternating, phosphate

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19
Q

The primary DNA structure mainly refers to the ______nucleotide sequences that are held together by strong ________ bonds.

A

Linear, Phosphodiester

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20
Q

The phosphodiester bond is present between ____ carbon of one nucleotide and the ____carbon of the adjacent nucleotide.

A

3’, 5’

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21
Q

The secondary structure of DNA was proposed in 1953 by American _____ and English ______.

A

James D. Watson, Francis H. Crick

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22
Q

Known as the greatest discovery in modern biology

A

Secondary structure of DNA

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23
Q

The two intertwined polynucleotide chain of DNA _____ helix run in _____ direction.

A

Double, opposite

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24
Q

What is the unique feature of watson and crick structure

A

Chains are held together to form the double helix

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25
Watson and crick theorize that the DNA structure is stabilized by ______ bonding between the bases that extend ____ from sugar phosphate backbone.
Hydrogen , inward
26
The _____ nature of the helix creates ____ and ____ grooves where proteins can bind to DNA, allowing regulation of ____ expression and ____ replication.
Twisting, major, minor, gene, DNA
27
The elegance of the double helix lies in its ability to both ____ genetic information and make it ______ for the process that sustain life.
Protect, available
28
The two DNA strands with this much sequences are said to be complementary to each other or known as
Complementary DNA strands
29
RNA is _____, _____ polymer with nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds.
Long, unbranched
30
What is the primary structure of RNA that differs from DNA?
1. Ribose sugar unit 2. Uracil base
31
RNA molecules are ____ stranded, and they _____ have complementary base ratios of ____. However, they contain ____ helical regions, with typical ____ proportion
Single, do not, 1:1, double, 50%
32
What are the types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
33
This kind of RNA functions as carrier of genetic information from the DNA of the cell nucleus directly to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
34
The bases of mRNA are in sequence that is ________ to the base sequence of the nuclear _____. In contrast to DNA, which remain _____ and acids could be represented uniquely.
Complementary, DNA, intact
35
This type of RNA is the main component of ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
36
rRNA accounts for ______ % of the total RNA of the cell, and ___% of ribosomes structure.
80-85%, 65%
37
This type of RNA is delivers individual amino acid to the site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
38
tRNA specific to ____ type of amino acid; cells contain at least one specific type of tRNA for each of the _____common amino acid.
One, 20
39
tRNA is the ______ of the nucleic acid, with ______ nucleotides per chain.
Smallest, 73-93
40
tRNA has regions of ______ bonding between ______ base pairs.
Hydrogen, complementary
41
The ______ is is a three base sequence which allows tRNA to bind to mRNA during protein synthesis.
Anticodon
42
The 3' end of the molecule binds to an _____ acid with _____ bond and transport it into the site of protein synthesis.
Amino, ester
43
An enzyme matches the tRNA molecule to ______ amino acid, ______ it for protein synthesis.
Correct, activating
44
The process of gene expression is called the _________.
Central dogma of molecular biology
45
In central dogma of molecular biology the genetic information contain in DNA molecules is _______ to RNA molecules. The transferred information of RNA molecules is then express in the _____ of synthesized protein.
Transferred, structure
46
What are the steps in central dogma
1. DNA replication 2. Transcription 3. Translation
47
______ is the process by which an exact copy of DNA is produced.
DNA replication
48
_______ the transfer of genetic information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA.
Transcription
49
_______ is the conversion of code carried by mRNA into an amino acid sequence of protein.
Translation
50
________ is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.
Central dogma
51
The _______is a set of three letter combinations of nucleotides called _____ that represents a code word on mRNA molecules.
Genetic code, codons
52
Number of mRNA needed at least ___ to represent 20 amino acid.
20
53
Single base words could only represent ___ amino acids (A,G,C,U)
4
54
Two base words provided ____combinations (5^2) but still ____
16, insufficient
55
Three base codons provided ____combinations (4^3), more than _____ to code for 20 amino acid.
64, enough
56
What is used in a synthetic mRNA with a sequence _____, coding for phenylalanine
UUU
57
Continued research by ____ and others completed the genetic code by ____.
Nirenberg, 1967
58
The genetic code applies _____ to almost all organism. Each amino acid is represented by the same _____ codon in every organism.
Universally, three-base
59
What are the amino acid that have up to six codons
1. Leucine 2. Serine 3. Arginine
60
Only _____ and ______ are represented by single codon.
Methionine and tryptophan
61
Three of the 64 possible codons act as stop signals which is; ______, ______, ______.
UAA, UAG, UGA
62
_______ is the biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules from one original DNA molecule.
DNA replication
63
DNA replication is essential for _____ and ______.
Inheritance, cellular division
64
What is the purpose of DNA replication
Ensure genetic information is passed to new cells or the next generation
65
______ each daughter DNA contains one original strand and one new strand
Semi conservative model
66
The direction of DNA replication occurs in the ____ to ___ direction.
5', 3'
67
What are the steps in DNA replication
1. Unwinding the DNA double helix 2. Synthesis of DNA strands 3. Completion
68
A step in DNA replication in which enzyme helicase separates DNA strands at the replication fork. Hydrogen bonds between pairs are also broken.
Unwinding the DNA double helix
69
What strand is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase
Leading strand
70
What strand is synthesized in fragments (okazaki fragments) and later joined by DNA ligase.
Lagging strand
71
A step in DNA replication where two identical DNA molecules are formed
Completion
72
Replication relies on complementary base pairing that is the principal explained by ______ rules.
Chargaff's
73
An enzyme called _____ catalyzes the synthesis of DNA.
RNA polymerase
74
During the first process, the DNA double helix begins to _____at a point near the gene that is to _____.
Unwind, transcribed
75
Since the end product will be ____ stranded only ____ strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed.
Single, one
76
the DNA strand always has one sequence of bases recognized by RNA polymerase as the _______ or starting point
Initiation
77
________ are linked together along the unwound DNA strand in a sequence determined by complementary base pairing of the DNA strand bases and ribonucleotide bases.
Ribonucleotides
78
The DNA segment that carry no amino acid code
Introns
79
The coded DNA segments are called ______
Exons
80
When transcription occurs in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells both entrance and exons are transcribed this produces ________.
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
81
What is the main goal of translation
Convert the genetic code mRNA into a sequence of amino acids protein
82
The site where translation happens
Ribosome
83
Building blocks of protein chain
Amino acids
84
What are the steps of translation
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
85
Assembling the ribosome and starting the chain
Initiation
86
Adding amino acid to the chain
Elongation
87
Ending translation at a stop codon
Termination
88
Group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA is called ______, each of its specifies either one amino acid or a stop to the translation process.
Codon
89
Is any change in material resulting in an incorrect base sequence on DNA.
Mutation
90
A change in genotype produces a change in phenotype l, the individual is called ______.
Mutant
91
Mutation in environmental factors such as ionizing radiation
1. X-rays 2. Ultraviolet light 3. Gamma rays
92
______ increases the rate of mutation.
X-rays
93
A large number of chemicals like nitrous acids and dimethyl sulfate can also ______mutations by reacting _____
Induces, DNA
94
A chemical that induces mutation by reacting with DNA
Mutagen
95
What are the three main types of mutation
1. Substitution 2. Deletion 3. Insertion
96
A single base is substituted for another base
Substitution
97
One or more nucleotides are deleted from DNA
Deletion
98
Extra nucleotides are added to DNA
Insertion
99
Genetic mutations could lead to genetic conditions like ______, or they could help humans better _____ to their environment over time
Cancer, adapt
100
_______ is a failure of pair of homologous chromosomes are pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis
Non-disjunction
101
______ is a genetic disorder where the total number of chromosomes doesn't equal to 46.
Aneuploidy
102
What are the types of aneuploidy
1. Trisomy 2. Monosomy
103
A type of aneuploidy that end up with 47 chromosomes instead of 46.
Trisomy
104
What are the types of trisomy cases
1. Edward syndrome (TRISOMY 18) 2. Patau syndrome (TRISOMY 13)
105
What is the example of monosomy
Turners syndrome (have 45 X)
106
______is a technology that involves combining DNA from two different sources to create a new DNA molecule with desired traits.
Recombinant DNA
107
_______ alter organisms study genes and produce valuable products like medicines.
Genetic engineering
108
What are the applications of recombinant DNA
1. Production of insulin vaccines and growth hormones 2. Genetic modification of crops for pest resistance

Biochem Lec FINALS (7 decks)

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