Ppt Lipids Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
______ are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
A
Lipid
2
Q
Lipids are ______ in water but ____ in nonpolar solvents
A
Insoluble, soluble
3
Q
Lipid known as _____ provide a ____ way of storing chemical energy and carbon atoms in the body
A
Fats, major
4
Q
Lipids store _____ and ______
A
Chemical energy, carbon atoms
5
Q
Lipids ______ water, a useful characteristic of protective wax coating found on some plants
A
Repel
6
Q
____ and _____are energy rich and have relatively low densities
A
Fats, oils
7
Q
What are the basic components of cell membranes
A
*Phospholipids
*Glycolipids
*Cholesterol
8
Q
What makes the lipids unique organic molecules?
A
Their identity is defined on the basis of a physical property and not by the presence of particular functional group
9
Q
Lipids are unique among organic molecules because their identity is defined on the basis of a ______ and not by the presence of a particular ______
A
Physical property, functional group
10
Q
Lipids are group into main classes; it can be _____ and ______
A
Saponifiable lipids, non saponifiable lipids
11
Q
These are lipids that can undergoes saponification
A
Saponifiable lipids
12
Q
A process of hydrolysis under basic (alkaline) condition
A
Saponification
13
Q
Saponification reaction produces _____ and _____ when fats are broken down by an alkali
A
Soap and glycerol
14
Q
What are the two components of lipids depends on the structure
A
Simple and complex lipid
15
Q
____ lipid contain just two types of components (fatty acid and an alcohol)
A
Simple
16
Q
What is the components of simple lipids
A
Fatty acid and alcohol
17
Q
_______ lipid contain more than two components (fatty acid and alcohol plus other components)
A
Complex
18
Q
What are the components of complex lipid
A
Fatty acid alcohol plus other components
19
Q
What is under the simple lipids
A
Waxes and triglycerides (fats and oils)
20
Q
Esters of long chain fatty acid with long chain alcohols. They provide a waterproof barriers and plants and animals
A
Waxes
21
Q
Esters formed from glycerol and three fatty acid. They are the main form of stored energy in the body.
A
Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)
22
Q
What is under the complex lipids
A
Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids
23
Q
Composed of glycerol fatty acids a phosphate group and sometimes an additional alcohol. These are critical components of cell membranes
A
Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)
24
Q
Contain a sphingosin backbone instead of glycerol and are commonly found in the nervous system
A
Sphingolipids
25
These are not esters and cannot be hydrolyzed.
Non saponifiable lipids
26
What are belong in the non-saponifiable lipids
Steroids and prostaglandins
27
These lipids do not undergo saponification and cannot be broken down by basic hydrolysis because they lack ester bonds
Nonsaponifiable lipids
28
Characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings. They include cholesterol a key components of the cell membranes and steroid hormones.
Steroids
29
These are derived from fatty acid and base significant roles and inflammation, blood flow and other physiological process
Prostaglandins
30
____is a building blocks of lipid
Fatty acid
31
Fatty acid have long chain _____ acids. Long _____ tails that are responsible for most of the fatty or oily characteristics of fat
Carboxylic, nonpolar
32
______ group, or the polar head is very hydrophilic under conditions of physiological pH
Carboxyl
33
Are spherical cluster of molecules
Micelles
34
Micelles are _______ on the surface, ______portions are on the interior
Polar, nonpolar
35
Micelle formation and structure are important for biological function such as
Transport of insoluble lipids in blood
36
What are the characteristic of fatty acid in natural lipids
1. Straight chain carboxylic acid (no branching)
2. Sizes range from 10 to 20 carbons
3. Have an even number of carbon atoms
4. Can be saturated and unsaturated
37
Contain no double bonds, single bonded and solid in room temperature
Saturated fatty acid
38
Contain one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature and usually in the cis configuration
Unsaturated fatty acid
39
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
40
What is the two configuration in the unsaturated fatty acid
Cis and Trans
41
Creates a long kinks or bend in the fatty acid chain which prevents the chain from packing closely together
Cis Configuration
42
A straight fatty acid chain which allows molecules from packing closely together
Trans configuration
43
Melting point _____as the number of carbon double bond _____
Decreases, increase
44
Not synthesized within the body and are obtained through diet
Essential fatty acid
45
What are the two types of essential fatty acid
Linoleic (omega-6 fatty acid)
Linolenic (omega-3 fatty acid)
46
Essential fatty acid are used to produce hormone like substances that regulates;
1. Blood pressure
2. Blood clotting
3. Blood lipid levels
4. Immune and inflammation responses
47
The alcohol portion is derived from glycerol and fatty acid
Fats and oils
48
Has three -OH groups, allowing it to attach the three fatty acids
Glycerol
49
When glycerol attached to the three fatty acid what is formed
Triglyceride
50
The main structure of fats and oils
Triglycerides
51
Esters can contain an ______ portion and ______ portion
Alcohol, acid
52
______ portion, which is derived from the glycerol
Alcohol
53
______ portion, which is furnished by fatty acid
Acid
54
Formation of triglycerides or triacylglycerols
Esterification
55
Animal fats contain primarily triglycerides of long chain saturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point
Higher
56
Vegetable oil such as corn oil and sunflower oil consists of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point
Lower
57
______ are from _______ sources,______ at room temperature and composed of ______ oblong train saturated fatty acid
Fats, animal, solid, triglycerides
58
_____ from _____ amd _____, are ____at room temperature.
Oils, plants, fish, liquid
59
The reverse of esterification and a key process for the adjusting fats and oils
Hydrolysis
60
Hydrolysis is important for the digestions of ______ and ______
Oils and fats
61
Hydrolysis results in a formation of ______ and _______
Glycerol and fatty acid
62
Hydrolysis can be catalyzed by _______ of the digestive system
Enzymes ( lipases)
63
A process of reacting triglycerides with a strong base to produce glycerol and soap
Saponification
64
Saponification produce _____ and _____
Glycerol and soap
65
What is the property of sodium salt that are found in cake soap
Hard salts
66
What is the properties of potassium salts that are found in shaving cream and liquid soap preparations
Soft soaps
67
What is used in making soap
1. Animal fat as the source of triglycerides
2. Used lye (cruse NaOH) or an aqueous extract of wood ash as the source of the base
68
A reaction by which fatty acid double bonds are converted to single bonds
Hydrogenation
69
Hydrogenation _______the degree of unsaturation, and _______ the melting point
Decreases, increases
70
Complete hydrogenation result in a ______ and _____ product. While partial hydrogenation results in a ________.
Hard, waxy, smooth creamy product
71
Esther of long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol
Waxes
72
Waxes are esters of long chain ______ and long chain ______
Fatty acid, alcohol
73
Waxes are water ______ and not easily ________
Insoluble, hydrolyzed
74
_______ occur as protective coating in nature on ______,______,_____,_____.
Waxes, skin, fruit, leaves, fur
75
Waxes are used commercially to make ______, ______, _______
1. Cosmetic candles
2. Ointments
3. Protective polishes
76
They are the type of complex lipid of which its composition affects the membrane structure and properties.
Phosphoglycerides
77
They allow transport of enzymes and is a major component of membranes
Phosphoglycerides
78
Phosphoglyceride is a complex lipid containing ______, _______, _______, ______
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acids
3. Phosphoric acid
4. Amino alcohol
79
A phosphoglycerides containing choline
Lecithin
80
A phosphoglyceride containing ethanolamine or serine
Cephalin
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Is a compound containing four rings fused in a particular pattern
Steroids
82
Steroid has a basic structure set of three _______ and a single ________ ring fused together
Six membered rings, five membered rings
83
Steroids are _____ in nonpolar solvents.
Soluble
84
Steroids function as structural components of ______, _______, _______.
1. Cellular membranes
2. Energy reservoir
3. Signaling molecules
85
Is an abundant and important steroid in the human body. It also the precursor to other significant steroids including vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts
Cholesterol
86
Cholesterol is the precursor to other significant steroids including;
1. Vitamin D
2. Testosterone
3. Estrogen
4. Aldosterone
5. Cortisol
6. Bile salts
87
Is a yellow brown or green liver secretion stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.
Bile
88
Bile salts are water ______, _____ and metabolites of cholesterol that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids.
Soluble, ampiphatic
89
Is a principal bile salts
Sodium glycocholate
90
What are the waste components of bile salts
1. Cholesterol
2. Bile pigments
91
What are the functions of bile salts
1. Emulsification of lipids and breaking larger globules into smaller droplets
2. Emulsification of cholesterol found in bile
92
High cholesterol levels or low bile salt concentration can lead to formation of ______.
Gallstones
93
A hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder
Gallstones
94
Passage of a gallstone from the ______ down to the common _____ to the _______ causes excruciating _______.
Gallbladder-bile duct-intestine-pain
95
Results of gallstones;
1. Pain
2. Nausea and feeling ill
3. Yellowish skin due to the bile pigment being absorbed in the blood
4. Stool becoming gray color to lack of execrated bile pigments
96
______ color of the skin is due to the ______ being absorbed in the blood.
Yellowish, bile pigment
97
_____ becoming ______ due to the ____ of execrated bile pigments
Stool, gray color, lack
98
Are large class of lipophilic small molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic tissues and act on target sites to regulate a myriad of physiological functions.
Steroid hormones
99
What are the two hormones
Adrenocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones
100
Are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticoid
101
What are the classification of adrenocortoid hormones based on their function
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
102
A type of adrenocortoid hormones that regulates the concentration of ions in bodily fluids
Mineralocorticoids
103
A type of adrenocorticoid hormones that enhances carbohydrates metabolism
Glucocorticoids
104
What do you call the testes and ovaries, that is important in reproductive processes
Sex hormones
105
Sex hormones helps to develop secondary sex characteristics that appears during ______
Puberty
106
_____Are male sex hormones produced by testes. It includes _____ which promotes normal growth of male genital organs
Androgens, testosterone
107
A growth promoting steroid as it includes the testerone. It is used by the athletes to promote muscular development without excessive musculinization.
Anabolic steroids
108
Anabolic steroids can affect the male reproductive system and can cause:
1. Testicular atrophy
2. Decrease in sperm count
3. Temporary infertility
109
Involved in the development of the ovum as it includes estradiol and estrum
Estrogen
110
_______ causes changes in the uterine wall to prepare and accept a ______ and maintain the resulting _______.
Progesterone, fertilized egg, pregnancy
111
Our second type of complex lipid found in cell membranes that is essential for cell structure and function
Sphingolipids
112
Sphingolipids do not contain _____, instead they contain _______, a long chain and saturated amino alcohol.
Glycerol, sphingosine
113
What is the common type of sphingolipid
Sphingomyelin
114
What are the two cell types
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
115
What are the two membranes
External and internal membranes
116
A membrane that acts as a selective barrier between the cell and its environment
External membrane
117
A membrane that surrounds organelles creating compartments with distinct functions
Internal membranes
118
Most cell membranes contain about ____ lipid and ____protein
60%, 40%
119
What are the predominant types of lipids that found in most membranes
1. Phosphoglycerides (lecithin and cephalin)
2. Sphingomyelin
3. Cholesterol
120
A model of membrane structure in which proteins are embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
121
These are single celled organism that lack a nucleus
Bacteria
122
All ______ have a nucleus containing _____ and other membrane bound organelles. They are also able to move using different types of ______.
Protist, DNA, appendages
123
What is the disease that caused by protist
1.Malaria
2. Potato late blight
124
Transmitted by female mosquitoes carrying species of plasmodium a single celled parasites
Malaria
125
It is caused by an oomycete, phytophtora infestans, which causes potato stocks and stems to decay into black slime
Potato late blight
126
An organism that causes disease to its host
Pathogen
127
Are cyclic compounds synthesized in the body from the 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
128
Prostaglandins have ____ carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. An ______ on carbon 11 and 15. And a _____ at carbon 13.
20, OH, trans double bond
129
Prostaglandins are similar to _____ since they are intimately involved in a host of body process
Hormones
130
Prostaglandins are involved in
1. Regulation of menstruation
2. Prevention of conception
3. Induction of uterine contraction
4. Stimulate blood clotting
5. Late to information and fever, inhibited by aspirin
131
What are the therapeutic potential of prostaglandins?
1. Labor induction
2. Therapeutic abortion
3. Asthma treatment
4. Peptic ulcer treatment
132
Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2 are used to induce labor
Labor induction
133
Prostaglandins are used to terminate early pregnancies
Therapeutic abortion
134
PGE2 in aerosol form can relax bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties
Asthma treatment
135
Certain prostaglandins can inhibit gastric acid secretion
Peptic ulcer treatment
