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URO > Group 3- set 3/3 - Pregnancy Complications - revision period COMPLETE **** > Flashcards

Group 3- set 3/3 - Pregnancy Complications - revision period COMPLETE **** Flashcards

1
Q

State the 3 possible types of embryonic loss

A

early embryonic death
late embryonic death
abortion

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2
Q

Early Embryonic Death: When does this occur?
- What does this mean?

A

pre-implantation
before maternal recognition of pregnancy

the life of the corpus luteum has not been extended

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3
Q

Early Embryonic Death: What classes as early embryonic death in a cow?
- what percentage of loses are early embryonic in cows?

A

embryo loss before day 21

75%

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4
Q

Late Embryonic Death: When can this occur? 2

A

peri-implantation
after the life of the corpus luteum has been extended

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5
Q

Abortion: When does this occur? 2

A

post-implantation
after organogenesis

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6
Q

When might pseudopregnancy occur following pregnancy loss?
- What happens as a result? 3
- Which species can this occur in?

A

if the pregnancy loss occurred after maternal recognition of pregnancy

the corpus luteum fails to regress
progesterone is secreted
leading to pseudopregnancy

mare, sow, goat, queen

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7
Q

Pregnancy Loss in Mare: State the 2 types of pregnancy loss in the mare and give dates

A

type 1 is early embryonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy so after day 15

type 2 is foetal death after endometrial cup formation at day 36

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8
Q

Pregnancy Loss in Mare - Type 1: What happens after the pregnancy loss?
- How can you treat this?

A

the corpus luteum will persist, prolonging the luteal phase

prostaglandin

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9
Q

Pregnancy Loss in Mare - Type 2: How long does the Pseudopregnancy last?
- Why can’t you treat this with prostaglandin?

A

until the demise of the endometrial cups between days 90-150

because the loss occurred after the formation of the endometrial cups which are secreting ECG to increase progesterone production

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10
Q

Pregnancy Loss in Goat: Why might you get pseudopregnancy in the goat after pregnancy loss post maternal recognition of pregnancy? 2
- What phenomenon can happen in goats, making the goat look very pregnant?
- What is this called clinically?

A

because the corpus luteum will persist
so progesterone will still be produced

the accumulation of sterile secretions into the uterus in the absence of an embryo

hydrometra or cloudburst

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11
Q

Pregnancy Loss in Goats: Why can you get Pseudopregnancy in cyclic non-mated does?

A

the corpus lutes persists for an unknown reasons
so progesterone will still be produced

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12
Q

Give and explain some causes of embryonic and foetal loss 7

A

chromosome abnormalities
nutritional deficiencies
environmental factors - climate, stress, pollutants
infectious agents
trauma by rectal palpation during PD
insemination - poor semen quality or given in error during pregnancy
physiological factors like uterine environment or ovulation rate

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13
Q

Why could insemination during pregnancy cause pregnancy loss?

A

semen contains prostaglandins which could induce luteolysis

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14
Q

Which factor is the most common cause of abortion in Ruminants?

A

infectious agents

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15
Q

Infectious Agents: What are the 3 main routes for entry of infectious agents during pregnancy?
- What about before pregnancy?

A

the cervix
the blood
pathogens affecting the corpus luteum

with the sperm

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16
Q

Infectious Agents: Which cervixes can be affected by ascending infections?

A

both an incompetent cervix and competent cervix

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17
Q

Infectious Agents: How can systemic (in the blood) infectious agents cause abortion?

A

could affect the endometrium
could affect the placenta
could cross the placenta and affect the foetus

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18
Q

Infectious Agents: Give an example of a pathogen which can affect the corpus luteum

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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19
Q

Infectious Agents: State the 4 most common ones

A

bacterial
viral
parasitic
fungal

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20
Q

Manifestations of Pregnancy loss: What happens following -
- Early Embryonic death
- Death following infection

A

tissues are normally reabsorbed and animal returns to oestrus

pyometra may follow

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21
Q

Why in cattle might a Pyometra occur following death by infection?

A

because the corpus luteum persists, so the cervix remains closed and pus can accumulate

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22
Q

Manifestations of Pregnancy loss: What happens following -
- Later gestational loss

A

expulsion of aborted foetus or foetal mummification

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23
Q

Why might expulsion of aborted foetuses occur following later gestational death, if not all the foetuses are dead?

A

death of some of the foetuses in the first half of pregnancy may cause lysis of the corpus luteum and immediate expulsion

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24
Q

What is Papyraceous mummification? 3

A

where foetal fluids and reabsorbed
foetal membranes are shrivelled
and the uterus contracts

25
Q

What happens with mummification of a foetus in polytocus species?

A

mummified foetus might be expelled at parturition with no harm to the live foetuses

26
Q

Which species are more likely to expel aborted foetuses fresh?
- Why? 4

A

species that are not dependent on the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy

because foetal death leads to cessation of the foetal contribution to the placenta
so placental progesterone declines
and the foetus is expelled in a fresh state

27
Q

Which species are more likely to expel an aborted foetus in a state of autolysis?
- Why?

A

species that are dependent on the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy

because there will be a delay between the time of death and lysis of the corpus luteum

28
Q

Infectious Agents: Does the time of infection have an impact on the effect of the infection?
- Give an example of such an infectious agent for-
- Sow
- Cow
-Ewe

A

porcine parvovirus

bovine viral diarrhoea virus

border disease virus

29
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?
- What can it be used to do?

A

stillbirths
mummification
embryonic death
infertility

to characterise a number of viral infections in the sow

30
Q

How does SMEDI work? 2

A

it reflects the different stages of development at the time of infection

the stage at which the sow is infected determines which one of SMEDI will manifest

31
Q

SMEDI: What is a classical sign of a SMEDI infection? 2
- What is often the cause?

A

a full term litter consisting of small mummified foetuses ranging up to full grown still born or live weak piglets
it reflects a progressive infection in utero

porcine parvovirus

32
Q

What type of causes is responsible for the most equine abortion?

A

non-infectious causes

33
Q

What is the impact of twins on -
- Mares
- Cows 2

A

it reduces the surface area for nutrient exchange

it reduces foetal growth and calf birth rate
causes freemartinism in mixed sex pregnancies

34
Q

Equine Twinning and Pregnancy Failure: Why is it so important that we dont get twins?
- What happens if we do get twins that causes loss?

A

because the placenta is epitheliochorial so the conceptus is reliant on nutrition from the entire surface area of the endometrium

as the placentas grow they abut each other and the placental interface cannot absorb sufficient nutrients

35
Q

Equine Twinning: What are the potential outcomes that can happen if twins occur? 3

A

one foetus may be resorbed at an early stage
or one foetus may be mummified at an early stage
or both twins are aborted in mid to late gestation

36
Q

Freemartinism: Why does this occur?

A

placental fusion permits the exchange of foetal cells and foetal hormones between foetuses
the male hormones androgenise the female foetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female

37
Q

Define Intra-uterine growth restriction

A

impaired growth and development of the mammalian embryo or its organs during pregnancy

38
Q

What can cause IUGR?

A

it can be naturally occurring
or it can be environmentally induced

39
Q

Give a few examples of environmental factors causing IUGR 4

A

temperature and stress
insufficiency of the uterus endometrium or placenta
ingestion of toxic substances
maternal nutrient deficiencies

40
Q

IUGR: A placental insufficiency can be the cause of IUGR.
- What are the different causes of placental insufficiency and how do they lead to placental insufficiency? 4

A

multiple foetuses causing reduced placental blood flow in ruminants

impaired by uteroplacental blood flow, placental size or surface area

poor placental growth due to over or under nutrition

gynaecological immaturity where the mother and foetus compete for nutrition

41
Q

Schmallenberg Virus: What are its possible effects? 2
- How is it transmitted?

A

late abortion
birth defects in newborn sheep, cattle and goats

insect vectors

42
Q

Schmallenberg Virus: Does it cause the same types of deformities in all infected animals?

A

no the foetal deformities vary depending on when in the pregnancy the infection occurred

43
Q

Schmallenberg Virus: Mid-gestation Infection
- What does the virus affect at this stage?
- How would this manifest in the offspring? 3

A

CNS development

very minimal brain development
permanently flexed joints
surviving animals would have major mobility issues

44
Q

Schmallenberg Virus: Mass immunity was achieved due to widespread infection in recent years.
- However, why are we expecting to see it re-emerge every 3-5 years?

A

because ewes are being replaced at a rate of 20-25% per year, so naive flocks are generated every 4 years

45
Q

Schmallenberg Virus: What other disease should be considered in malformed calves and lambs?

A

blue tongue

46
Q

Chlamydial Abortion: This is the main cause of Ovine abortion in UK
- When in the pregnancy would the abortion occur?
- Why is this?

A

in the last 3 weeks of pregnancy

due to placental damage from day 90 from colonised bacteria and inflammation

47
Q

Chlamydial Abortion: Describe some of the pathological features 2

A

thickened areas of tissue between the cotyledons on the placenta

brown exudate over the surface of the placenta

48
Q

Chlamydial Abortion: Why is it important to isolate infected animals?

A

because the organisms are present in large numbers in abortion products so must prevent contamination of the environment and other ewes

49
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii: Which species does this cause pregnancy loss in?
- What type of pathogen is it?
- What type of host are the sheep?
- How do sheep become infected?

A

sheep

intracellular protozoan

intermediate hosts

ingestion of oocysts in food and water

50
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii: How is it similar to schmallenberg?
- What effect would it have in early pregnancy compared to late pregnancy?
- What pathology does it cause?

A

the time of infection determines its impact on the foetus

much greater impact in early pregnancy than late pregnancy

lesions in the brain, liver and kidneys of aborted foetuses

51
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii: Describe some of the pathological features that allow you to identify this as the infective agent

A

dark red placental cotyledons with white speckles of necrosis

52
Q

Campylobacter: When would abortion occur?
- What would the birth of a live infected lamb look like?
- Why can it spread so rapidly between animals?

A

in the last 6 weeks of gestation

weak lamb

large number of organisms in the aborted materials

53
Q

Non-infectious Pregnancy Loss in Cow: State 4 possible causes

A

nutrition
stress
timing of insemination
conception too soon after calving

54
Q

Non-infectious Pregnancy Loss in Cow:
- Give examples of different nutritional problems leading to pregnancy loss 3
- Give examples of causes of stress 2

A

vitamin A deficiency
negative energy balance
high intake of rumen degradable protein

high temperature
high humidity

55
Q

Non-infectious Pregnancy Loss in Cow:
- How can timing of insemination cause pregnancy loss?
- Why can conception too soon after calving result in pregnancy loss?

A

if it is performed too late in the oestrus period the ovum may have aged causing embryonic death

due to the poor uterine environment

56
Q

Non-infectious Pregnancy Loss in Ewe:
- give one risk factor for embryonic death

A

multiple conceptions

57
Q

Non-infectious Pregnancy Loss in Sow:
- What are the possible types of reasons for pregnancy loss in sow? 2
- Why might a sow fail to establish a pregnancy?
- What is the most common reason for failure of an established pregnancy?

A

failure to establish a pregnancy
failure of an established pregnancy

unattached conceptus is susceptible to damage due to long pre-implantation period
break down in maternal recognition

infection

58
Q

Risk factors of pregnancy loss in Sow:
- Give and describe them

A

ovulation rate - the higher the ovulation rate the lower the chance of embryo survival

competition for uterine space when there are more than 5 foetuses

nutrition - high energy levels post service reduces embryo survival

stress due to temperature or management

URO (21 decks)

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