Group dynamics

Question 1

Process where social influence pushes someone to act in a certain way despite their being no explicit requirement to act in this way

Answer 1

Conformity

Question 2

Characteristics increasing conformity

Answer 2

Female sex, low intelligence, poor leadership abilities, Inferiority feelings

Question 3

Process where an individual is explicitly asked to carry out a task by a person in a position of authority

Answer 3

Obedience

Question 4

Experiment looking at obedience towards authority figures specifically designed to investigate the psychology behind genocidal acts performed by Nazis

Answer 4

Milgram experiment

Question 5

State of mind described by Milgram where a person allows others to direct their behaviour, and passes on responsibility for the consequences of those behaviours onto that other person

Answer 5

Agentic state

Question 6

Process where a group can together make a more risky decision than an individual can

Answer 6

Risky shift

Question 7

Tendency for a group to take a more extreme view than the initial inclinations of its members

Answer 7

Group polarisation

Question 8

Psychological process within a group where the desire for conformity leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision making

Answer 8

Groupthink

Question 9

Power based on the perceived ability to give positive consequences

Answer 9

Reward power

Question 10

Power based on the perceived ability to punish

Answer 10

Coercive power

Question 11

Power based on having particular skills or knowledge

Answer 11

Expert power

Question 12

Power based on having charisma and connections

Answer 12

Referent power

Question 13

Power held by an individual due to their position within an organisation

Answer 13

Legitimate power

Question 14

Described the ‘bases of social power’ - includes reward power, legitimate power etc.

Answer 14

French and Raven

Question 15

Leadership style where the leader makes decisions without consultation from others

Answer 15

Autocratic

Question 16

Leadership style where decisions are ultimately made by the leader but only after facilitating group discussion

Answer 16

Democratic

Question 17

Leadership style where the leader’s involvement in decision making is minimal and individuals make their own decision

Answer 17

Laissez-faire

Question 18

Possible behavioural components of prejudice in increasing severity

Answer 18

Anti-locution (making negative remarks about but not to the person), avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and extermination

Question 19

Theory of prejudice suggesting people develop prejudice as a result of their rigid thinking that occurs as a result of a harsh childhood upbringing, characterised by extreme obedience and respect for authority figures. Controversially used to explain Nazi fascism.

Answer 19

Authoritarian personality theory of prejudice (Adorno)

Question 20

Theory of prejudice relating to Dollard’s frustration-aggression model - when the source of a frustration is too powerful aggression may be displaced towards a soft target

Answer 20

Scapegoating theory

Question 21

Supplemental to scapegoating theory of prejudice, suggests that where there are acute times of low resources unrest follows and scapegoating is more likely

Answer 21

Relative deprivation theory

Question 22

Theory of prejudice suggesting that even the suggestion of competition can trigger prejudices

Answer 22

Realistic conflict theory

Question 23

Experiment where two groups were formed in a summer camp. Even when the groups were allowed to interact freely they displayed strong in-group preferences.

Answer 23

Sherif’s Robbers cave experiment

Question 24

Experiment showing prejudice can be reduced when the person displaying prejudice has themselves experiences such prejudice in the past

Answer 24

Elliott’s blue eyes and brown eyes experiment

Question 25

Effect where people are less likely to intervene to help someone in need if others are also standing nearby

Answer 25

Bystander effect/Genovese effect

Question 26

Factors that mean bystanders are less likely to help

Answer 26

If the bystander is female If there are many other bystanders present If the other bystanders are strangers If the perpetrators are present If the situation is perceived as dangerous

Question 27

Effect where the larger the group is, the lower effort each individual puts in

Answer 27

Social loafing/Ringelmann's effect

Question 28

The loss of self awareness within a group, often used to explain e.g. violent acts of a group of football hooligans

Answer 28

Deindividuation

Question 29

Developed the concept of the 'working group' which works well together, and the 'basic assumption group' which acts out primitive fantasies and prevents work being done

Answer 29

Bion

Question 30

Type of basic assumption group where the group turns towards a leader to protect them from anxiety

Answer 30

Dependency

Question 31

Type of basic assumption group where the group acts as if there is an enemy, either within or outwith the group, who must be attacked or avoided

Answer 31

Fight-flight

Question 32

Type of basic assumption group where the group acts as if the answer lies in the pairing - either friendly or hostile - of two members

Answer 32

Pairing

Question 33

Group ideology which prioritises the rights of groups over the rights of an individual

Answer 33

Collectivism

Question 34

Group ideology which prioritises rights of an individual over the group

Answer 34

Individualism

Question 35

Leadership style where the leader allows team members to voice their opinions and supports them in making changes they believe in

Answer 35

Participative

Question 36

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where one member helps another

Answer 36

Altruism

Question 37

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where ideas/thoughts/emotions can be expressed in a way that produces relief

Answer 37

Catharsis

Question 38

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is a sense that the group is working together towards a common goal

Answer 38

Cohesion

Question 39

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where the group replicates a family to work through prior conflicts of its members

Answer 39

Corrective recapitulation

Question 40

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members gain feedback from others and give out feedback

Answer 40

Interpersonal learning

Question 41

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members acquire new knowledge

Answer 41

Imparting information

Question 42

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members consciously model their behaviour on another member

Answer 42

Imitation

Question 43

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where members accept responsibility for decisions

Answer 43

Existential factors

Question 44

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where a sense of hope is imparted into the group

Answer 44

Instillation of hope

Question 45

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is free exchange of ideas and feelings between members

Answer 45

Socialisation

Question 46

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where there is an awareness among members that they are not the only ones to experience a particular issue

Answer 46

Universality

Question 47

Described four principles of a therapeutic community

Answer 47

Rapoport

Question 48

Four principles of a therapeutic community as described by Rapoport

Answer 48

Permissiveness Democracy Reality confrontation Communalism

Question 49

Updated Rapoport's principles of a therapeutic community

Answer 49

Haigh

Question 50

Haigh's updated principles of a therapeutic community and Rapoport's principle they correspond to

Answer 50

Containment - permissiveness Communication - communalism Involvement - reality confrontation Agency - democracy

Question 51

Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by support, rules and boundaries allowing individuals to feel safe

Answer 51

Permissiveness

Question 52

Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by decision making within the community giving individuals a sense of empowerment and belief they can be useful in the wider world

Answer 52

Democracy

Question 53

Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by learning from others and finding a place within the group

Answer 53

Reality confrontation

Question 54

Aspect of a therapeutic community described by Rapoport characterised by shared responsibility and shared group ethos

Answer 54

Communalism

Question 55

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where the group can self-evolve and work through conflicts

Answer 55

Coherence

Question 56

In group therapy, the quality of the relationship between each member of a group and the therapist

Answer 56

Group allience

Question 57

Therapeutic factor in group therapy where a person unconsciously incorparates attributes and qualities of the group into themselves

Answer 57

Positive identification

Question 58

Phenomenon where high expectations lead in improved performance

Answer 58

Pygmalion effect/Rosenthal effect

Question 59

Factors according to Asch which make group conformity more likely

Answer 59

Larger group size Challenging task Public interactions Perception that some members are more senior than others

Question 60

Factors according to Asch which make group conformity more likely

Answer 60

Larger group size Challenging task Public interactions Perception that some members are more senior than others