Memory

Question 1

Three different cognitive processes involved in memory

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

Features of sensory memory

Answer 2

Modality specific, large capacity, no processing

Question 3

Length of iconic (visual) memory

Answer 3

0.5s

Question 4

Length of echoic (auditory) memory

Answer 4

2s

Question 5

Capacity of short term memory

Answer 5

7+/-2 items

Question 6

Capacity for short term memory for reversing the information

Answer 6

5+/-1 items

Question 7

Length short term memory lasts unaided

Answer 7

15-30 seconds

Question 8

Features of long term memory

Answer 8

Unlimited capacity and indefinite duration

Question 9

Developed the storehouse model of memory, with a short term storehouse with limited capacity which can send information to the long-term memory

Answer 9

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 10

Developed the multi-storehouse model of memory, with a visuospatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer

Answer 10

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 11

Role of the central executive in the multi-storehouse model of memory

Answer 11

Capacity to focus, divide and switch attention

Question 12

Role of the visuospatial sketchpad in the multi-storehouse model of memory

Answer 12

Stores and processes information in visual and spatial form allowing images to be manipulated in the mind

Question 13

Role of the phonological buffer in the multi-storehouse model of memory

Answer 13

Holds verbal and auditory information in speech based form for 1-2 seconds

Question 14

Role of the episodic buffer in the multi-storehouse model of memory

Answer 14

Temporary storage system which integrates information from the different systems of short term memory (e.g. the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) along with relevant long-term knowledge into a coherent whole

Question 15

Type of long term memory which can be consciously retrieved

Answer 15

Declarative memory

Question 16

Type of long term memory which stores personal experiences

Answer 16

Episodic memory

Question 17

Type of long term memory which stores facts and concepts

Answer 17

Semantic memory

Question 18

Type of long term memory which recalls motor and executive skills needed for a task, formed without conscious awareness (e.g. how to swim)

Answer 18

Procedural memory

Question 19

Type of long term memory where there is storage and retrieval of information through association with other information

Answer 19

Associative memory

Question 20

Effect on memory where exposure to a certain stimulus influences the response to other stimuli later - occurs without conscious recall of memorising

Answer 20

Priming

Question 21

Type of memory where there is detailed recollection of an event due to heightened emotions at the time of the event

Answer 21

Flashbulb memory

Question 22

Seven types of memory failure

Answer 22

Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, suggestibility, bias, persistence, misattribution

Question 23

Type of memory failure that covers the decreasing accessibility of memory over time

Answer 23

Transience

Question 24

Type of memory failure that covers lapses in attention and forgetting to do things

Answer 24

Absent-mindedness

Question 25

Type of memory failure that involves the temporary inaccessibility of stored information e.g. tip of the tongue syndrome

Answer 25

Blocking

Question 26

Type of memory failure where leading questions etc. allow misinformation to be incorporated into the memory

Answer 26

Suggestibility

Question 27

Type of memory failure where current knowledge and beliefs distort the memories

Answer 27

Bias

Question 28

Type of memory failure involving the inability to forget unwanted memories e.g. in PTSD

Answer 28

Persistence

Question 29

Type of memory failure where memories are attributed to incorrect sources or you believe you have seen or heard something you haven't

Answer 29

Misattribution

Question 30

The belief that a thought is new when it is actually a memory

Answer 30

Cryptomnesia

Question 31

Person who plotted the 'forgetting curve'

Answer 31

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 32

Time over which memories decay and are lost the fastest

Answer 32

9 hours

Question 33

Theory in memory where due to limited capacity new information replaces old information

Answer 33

Displacement theory

Question 34

Strategies used to improve memory encoding

Answer 34

Chunking, ordering information, mnemonics, imagery, adding importance to the information, using primacy-recency effects

Question 35

Method of increasing short term memory by combining units of information (usually numbers) into groups

Answer 35

Chunking

Question 36

Principle where the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better the retrieval

Answer 36

Encoding specificity principle

Question 37

Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia - usually seen in dementia

Answer 37

Recent memories are more likely to be lost than more remote memories

Question 38

Jost's law of forgetting

Answer 38

If two memories are of the same strength but of different ages, the older memory will decay more slowly

Question 39

Loss of ability to form new memories after an injury/event

Answer 39

Anterograde amnesia

Question 40

Classic area of damage in the brain leading to anterograde amnesia

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

Loss of episodic memories stored before an event causing brain damage (usually a head injury)

Answer 41

Retrograde amnesia

Question 42

Type of memory failure caused by temporary lack of blood supply to regions of the brain involved in memory, causes sudden onset severe anterograde amnesia with retrograde amnesia for the preceding days

Answer 42

Transient global amnesia

Question 43

Amnesia occurring in patient who have had no brain insult but who have experienced a traumatic event - can be global or situation specific

Answer 43

Psychogenic amnesia

Question 44

Sudden loss of all autobiographical memories, usually involves wandering and lasts hours to days before complete recovery - procedural and semantic memories left intact

Answer 44

Fugue state

Question 45

Amnesic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency including autobiographical loss

Answer 45

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 46

The effect of the ability to more easily recall information if it is congruent with the current mood - e.g. negative experiences are more easily retrieved while someone is experiencing depression

Answer 46

Mood-congruent effect

Question 47

The effect of the ability to retrieve information more easily if the emotional state is the same at the time of retrieval and the time of decoding

Answer 47

Mood-state dependent retrieval

Question 48

Area of the brain most involved in procedural memory

Answer 48

Cerebellum

Question 49

Area of the brain most involved in working memory

Answer 49

Pre-frontal cortex

Question 50

Areas of the brain associated with emotional memories

Answer 50

Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 51

Area of the brain involved in the formation of new memories and the encoding of memories into long term memory

Answer 51

Hippocampus

Question 52

Demonstrated that short term memory is limited to seven chunks of information

Answer 52

Ebbinghaus

Question 53

Eponymous law that states short term memory is limited to seven chunks of information

Answer 53

Miller's law

Question 54

Reported that less than one hundredth of the information sensed by humans reaches short term memory

Answer 54

Lloyd

Question 55

Described the passive decay theory in relation to forgetting long term memories

Answer 55

Solso

Question 56

Retrieval of a memory from long term memory precipitated by the presence of a cue such as a smell or sound

Answer 56

Redintegration

Question 57

Five functions of long term memory

Answer 57

``` Registration Retention Retrieval Recall Recognition ```

Question 58

The ability to obtain memories stored in the long term memory

Answer 58

Retrieval

Question 59

The ability to add new memory to the long term memory store

Answer 59

Registration

Question 60

The ability to store memories in the long term memory, which can be later retrieved

Answer 60

Retention

Question 61

The return of stored memory into the consciousness at a chosen moment

Answer 61

Recall

Question 62

The sense of familiarity that accompanies the recall of memories

Answer 62

Recognition