Group Living Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
advantages of group living
A
increased protection/defense against predators/conspecifics/species
more food resources finding capability
2
Q
4 ādā of group living pros (predator)
A
- Defense.
- Dilution
- Deterrence
- Detection
3
Q
cons of group livign
A
within group competition for food/mates
being more conspicious to predators
4
Q
what is group living affected by
A
predator pressure
spatio-temporal food/mate availability
population density and demogrpahics
social skills and cognition
5
Q
Fision-fussion groups
A
when groups split into smaller parties and reunite in daily fluctiations .eg. chimps or spider monkesy
6
Q
Cohesive groups
A
always stay together e.g. savanna baboons
7
Q
example of fluctuating group size patterns
A
- Senegalese chimps; form larger groups for long-distance travels
2 Brazillian Northern Muriqui: group size is fluid as size increases
8
Q
what are primate group COMPOSTIONS affected by
A
- patterns of disperal
2. ratio of female to male (socioeconomic sex ratio)
9
Q
patterns of dispersalā¦
A
whether:
- individuals leave a group
- individuals form another group
- if individuals join an already formed group
10
Q
male-based dispersal examples
A
old world macaques
baboons
11
Q
female-based dispersal examples
A
prosimians (lemurs, loris)
apes
12
Q
philopatric
A
remaining in natal group
13
Q
matrilocal
A
females stay in maternal group and mates become residents in female resident group
e.g. macaques and baboons
14
Q
patrilocal
A
males stay in natal group and females become residents in male resident groups (virilocality)
e.g. muriquis and chimps
15
Q
affect of familitarty on groups
A
- increases alliances
- reduces aggression
16
Q
matrilinine
A
derivation of lineage through the mother instead of the father; social group revolving around female kinship
17
Q
patrilline
A
derivation of lineage through the father instead of the mother; social group revolving around male kinship
18
Q
Female philopatry
A
a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity;
this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males
19
Q
Male philopatry
A
a social system in which males remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while females leave at sexual maturity; this means that a group of males is related it some way - brothers, fathers, uncles, or cousins and these males attract unrelated females
20
Q
group selection
A
wyne-edwards 1980s;
altruistic bheaviour enhances the fitness of the WHOLE group hence is selected for
21
Q
paradigm of group selection
A
- cheaters would outcompete altruists
- not enough genetic variances among groups
- GS can only occur if groups vary in ability to reproduce and variation is inheritable
- change/migration occurs
towards individual selection: indivudal selection allows for more of an advantages as more variation among individuals than groups
22
Q
examples of altruistic acts
A
grooming
predator warning
food sharing
23
Q
mutualism
A
āwin winā situations between actors-recipitents
24
Q
example of cooperation in cercopithecines?
A
male baboon coalitions in east africa:
2 medium rank males will join to get rid of one high ranking male for access to a female.
25
hamiltons rule
RV>C
R= relatedness of actor and recipitents
B= sum of fitness benefits to all individuals
C= costs of fitness to individual actors
(altruistic behaviours favoured be selection of the costs of behaviour as less than the benefits gained Xrelatedenesdds between the actors and recipitent)
26
kin selection
natural selectino favours alturistic behaviour in kins
27
what has to happen for reciprocal altruism to work
1. proximity/more interaction
2. repetitive behaviour
4. ability for behaviour to be reciprocated
5. more likely in kin
28
how might kin recognize each other
- contextual/social cues (age/familitarity/proximity similarity)
- phenotypic matching (smell and likeness)
29
examples of kin recognition
moms sniff infants to become aware of their smell
| siblings recognize mom/each other due to close interactions
30
paternal recognition: previous paradigm
tends to be thouht fathers cant recognized kin because
A. pair bonds are uncommon,
B. paternity uncertainity
31
revision of paternal kin recognition
a. male baboons recognize offspring
b. Altmann theory: age measured (infants born at same time); hence paternal infants tend to be nicer to each other
c. Widdig theory: rhesus monkeys; feamles have affinity for half sibilings (more grooming and proximity)
32
hypothesis for why primates live in groups
1. wrangham resource defense 1979
2. van shaik predator defense 1983
3. dunbar synthethic model of group size
33
what can a subordinate male do in a dominance hierarchy
forming coalitions against higher-ranking male
forming temporary friendships with females that confer mating privileges
mating surreptitiously (safari/rape)
Dispersal to another group with better reproductive prospects provides a
34
evidnece that social bonds are important?
- better social integreation= succesful reproduction
- more time is preserved for socializing as it can ovveride rank (female baboons)
- high cortsil in mourning female baboons
35
reproductive tradeoffs
quality of care vs the number of offspring produced
36
in groups without pair bonds, what does male success depend on?
ability to access females (unrelated) and obtain a mating
37
why is dispersel stressful to males
more vulernable to predators
low access to females
male to male competition
38
dispersal technques of males
1. pre-dispersal migration; scope out other groups for female/male
2. migrate alone
4. migrate as peers
39
kin dispersing males examples
ring tailed lemurs
| squirrell monkeys
40
transfer male examples
VERVET MONKEYS
41
UNI MALE GROUPS; what do they do?
COMPETE FOR RESOURCES
42
bachelor male examples
ethiopian gelada baboons challenge resident males to take over social group
limited group size= as other males want to mate too
43
multi-male groups; how are they regulated
- conflict for group membership and access to females
- regulated by dominance relationships
- males leave to avoid inbreeding
44
why do males and females form friendships?
1. secure offspring development/surival
2. prevent infnaciide
3. secure mating posbility
4. increase own access to food
6. increase paternity certainity
45
wild chacma baboons study
show that there are genetic ties between a male and his friend's infant (higham 2008)
46
girls just wanna hav efun
access to resources includes acces to pleasure
47
fertilization insurance hypothesis
females engage in EPC to ensure access to 'good sperm' and avoid inbreeding
48
bateman trivers 1972 hypothesis
sexual selection is controlled by relative parental investment of both sexes to create genetic diversity (mutual choice mechanism)
49
where do males co-parent
humans
baboons
callitridicids
50
when do males co parents
when there is high paternity confience and the cost of caring outweights the costs of refusing to help
51
what is an alloparent
any individual other than the parent that assists in the care of dependent young, the individual may or may not be genetically related to the young
52
Fission-fusion social group
a social grouping pattern in which individuals form temporary small parties (also called subgroups) whose members belong to a larger community (or unit-group) of stable membership; there can be fluid movement between subgroups and unit-groups such that group composition and size changes frequently
53
Female philopatry
a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity; this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males
54
age graded group
an intermediate primate group type between single-and multi-male, in which there are fewer males per female than in true multi-male groups, and a linear dominance hierarchy operates among males that corresponds to age (Parnell 2002)
55
selfish gene theory
A model of evolution, a gene's eye view of natural selection. Genes are replicators, individuals are their vehicles. Replicators make copies of themselves. Successful replicators make more copies than unsuccessful replicators. Improved vehicles (bodies) promote their success.
56
allopatric species
Species that live in different geographic areas. For example, common chimpanzees and bonobos are allopatric (cf Sympatric).
57
altruism
A behavior that costs the doer and benefits others. Anthropology 60 Teaching Assistants are the only true altruists known to exist.
58
concealed ovulation
no signs of ovulation (e.g., no estrus swellings). In humans, females are unaware when they are ovulating.
59
group selection
A model of evolution. Some researchers believe that natural selection can favor traits benefiting groups to the disadvantage of individuals. Selection at the group level is expected to be weaker than selection at the individual level because groups do not reproduce as quickly as individuals and because group altruism can not resist the introduction of "selfish individuals." Do not confuse group selection with kin selection.
60
Kin selection:
A model of the evolution of cooperative behavior. Individuals help relatives because relatives share genes. By helping relatives to survive and reproduce, individuals are helping perpetuate copies of their genes. Do not confuse kin selection with group selection.
61
critique of wrangham/vanshaik- Ecological Model of Female Social Relationships
Thierry:
- overemphaisis competition
- implies indepdnence form phylogenetic variation
- doesnt acknowledge male support role/choice in female success
- doesnt look at parasite effect on group density
- doesnt look at interspecies variations of cognition that determine social relations/surivival skills
- doesnt look at ancestral/phylogenetic reasons
62
what does scramble (within group) limit
the group size (low resources, high dispersal= needs equality)
63
what does between group scramble limit
population density in given area
64
why are alpha males in polyandrous systems more tolerant
in tamarins for example; tolerance results due to increase opportunity to females and as a way to avoid aggression
65
social structure of polyandrogyny
dominance hierarchies within groups for hierarchial rank
kinship collective formations (alliances)
some sexual dimorphism and variance
higher sperm competition (as alternative to aggrsesion)
66
why do female chimps mate promisciously
- to cinrease fertilization chances (go on safari!)
67
monandry definition
pattern of mating in which a female has only one mate at a time
68
polyspecific associations
when members of 1+ species modify behaviour to accompany/collaborate with members of anoyher species
69
why would a primate form a polyscpeific association
when the costs of alterin behaviour is less than the benefits of forming the association
occurs when:
1. multi-species migration (fission fussion)
2. fragemented forests= hard to find conspecics
3. mutually benefificial to increase group size without increase group size of consepecicis (less intragroup competition)
4. for food aquisition or predator defense
70
advantages of small and large primates forming an association
small primates= agility and 'swamming' (large groups form large biomass)
large primates= slower but stronger/better against predators
71
foraging benefits of polyspecific associations
overlapping diets
higher feed rate in relaxed individual variance
increased ability to localte/defnd COMMON resources
avoid revisiting food patches
gain access to previously inaccesible food
72
predator defense benefits of polyspecific associations
environment scanning techniques
| different body/defense mechanisms
73
squirrel and capuchin monkey polyspecific association example
FOR RESOURCES:
capuchins are large and strong
squirelles can gain access to palm nuts
hence capuchins= crack the nuts
74
red colobus and diana monkey polyspecific association
in tai national forest; chimps are predators
strong red colobus act as 'shields' and travel lower
diana monkeys are the 'sentinels' and travel higher for look out
75
why do female gorillas live in polygynous systems
clear paternity certainity
females indepdnently hang with the males to prevent infanciditide
76
foraging in primates
looking for and hangling food
varies seasonaly
primates atjust beahviour depending on food
more important for females
77
female feeding decided by
1. food quality
2. food stirubition
3. food abailitibility
78
growth diets...
permit reproduction
79
prosimians tend to "...' their children
park but then produce milk with higher fat content
80
anthropoids tend to '...' their children
carry (makes up for heat loss)
81
folivourous dietary adaptations
- sharp crested molars and chewing muscles
| - elongated digestive tract to digest cellulose
82
folivoirous dietary adatpations
- trichoromatic vision
- strong jaws and teeth (dental enamel)
- ways to deigest poisioniois plants
83
what do red colobus monkeys due to digest toxic mango and almod
eat chracoal from burned zanzibar trees
84
if a primate is bigger than 10 kg is is most likely a...
frugivore-folivore as it can tolerate digestion and has a slower metabolic rate
85
if a primate is smaller than 10 kg is is most likely a...
frugivore-insectivitore due to higher metaoblic overturns and higher fast neergy need
86
if a primate is smaller than 500 g...most likely a...
mouse lemur that eats gum!
87
what is an exeption primate to the body size-diet restraint rule
savanna patas monkeys as they get 2/3 of their diet from gums/insects depsite being bigger tha n10 kg
88
how does rank acquistion occur
age
length of residence in group
coalitions
challenges
89
how is rank determine din japanese macaques
a multi-male group;
| rank is associated with age and length of residence in group
90
what happens when females dominante male strategies
male-male competition occurs less
91
example of a primate with less male to male competition
muritiquis; males cant monopolise femalse so female choice ovverides social status
hence:
- males try to curry favour
- sperm competition
