Indian Langur Monkeys

Question 1

monkey type

Answer 1

hanunuman (grey) langur

Question 2

locations

Answer 2

jodhpur rajastan in north west india

nepal ramnagar

Question 3

mating system (Jodhpur)

Answer 3

harem polygyny

Question 4

reason for mating system in jodhpur

Answer 4

seasonal food provision= ecological stability= female desynchronize= male can monopolize

Question 5

what are the pros of ecological stability for females

Answer 5

maintain constant food, body fat needed for lacataion, preganncy and care

Question 6

effects of desynchronzied fertility for male

Answer 6

1. create polygyny (male can monopolize)
2. minimize sperm competition
3. avoid sexual harrasment (females beat up males in breeding system due to limited sperm)

Question 7

how does ecology effect polygynous/polygyandrous social systems?

Answer 7

food availibty= effects female synchronociity

Question 8

nepal social structure

Answer 8

polygyandry due to high seasonality so females only ovulate in the summer/food abailiable systems

Question 9

langurs and rank?

Answer 9

affects reproductive performance;
i.e. young females outrank old and get better food quality/body fat

i.e. dominant males have more access to females

Question 10

infants lost per female to infnaticid

Answer 10

3.8

Question 11

female counter strategies

Answer 11

1. defend offspring
2. promisciosu mating
3. copulate while pregantn
4. manipulate sex ratio (cryptic female choice)
5. sychronzie ovulation to create polygyny

Question 12

whats special about langurs

Answer 12

are colobine primate sin inidia that occupy diverse habitats (forest, mountain, urban) and are ecologically and socially flexible

Question 13

why are births in india and srilanka all year long

Answer 13

non seasonal due to human food provisioning and general ecological stability

Question 14

benefits of polygyandry

Answer 14

more cooperation
better home range dfense
counter-attack non resident males
infant sharing
lower infancitide (due to paternity confusion and EPC)

Question 15

polygyny cons

Answer 15

less cooperation
- more competition and resident turnovers
more infanticide

Question 16

why might infanticide be an adaptive strategy?

Answer 16

1. resource competition
2. parental manipulation
3. sexual selection
4. exploitation

Question 17

explain how infanticide helps with resource competition

Answer 17

an infants death provides the killer with increased access to resting places, food mates and more care for their own infant

i.e. callitrichids and mere cats suppress reproductive capacbilities of subordinates to secure care for own infants

Question 18

explain how infanticide helps with parental manipulation

Answer 18

when killing the infant improves the parental fitness, either by promoting the surival of another infant or reserving energy

i. e. illness disability
i. e. sex selective infanticide

Question 19

explain how infanticide helps with sexual selection

Answer 19

when an infants own death increases the mating opportunities for the male killer and further reduces a competitiors reproductive success

Question 20

explain how infanticide helps with exploitation

Answer 20

when an offpsring is used as a nutrtional or ristuatlistic resource in times of famimine/low resources

Question 21

why might limited access to food resources push females to pursue reproductive asynchrony

Answer 21

reproductive asynchrony= redues food competition= pushesa way males as females can be monopolized= increases infanticide risk

Question 22

bruce effect

Answer 22

termination of prenganges after exposure to unfamiliare males as a counter trategty to male infanticide

allows mother to maximize her reproductive output in a rapidly changing social environment

Question 23

example of bruce effect in a primate

Answer 23

wild geladas (roberts 2012)

Question 24

how might infanticide be avoided in humans?

Answer 24

adoption
oprhanages
abandonemnent
abortion

Question 25

cinderrella effect in humans?

Answer 25

step children are more likelyl to suffer abuse/death on hands of step-parent

Question 26

luckas, huchard 2014 opinion on infanticide

Answer 26

it reflects the forces of INTRASEXUAL selection as women defend using synchrononity

Question 27

loose screw argument

Answer 27

by dolhinow; infanticide in langurs a reaction to stress of new commers/overcrodwing or killres are just a bit pathologically distrubed

Question 28

tinbergen and lorenz view on infanticide

Answer 28

nonhuman animals are 'better humans because they act for the good of the group'= cultural pessimism on aggression lead to 'naturfolk' in germans green party

Question 29

volkers contradictions of Dolhinow's Loose Screw Argument

Answer 29

1. all indviiduals are health 2. infanticide also occurs without human influence 3. other species dont do it 3. DNA analysis shows males attack unrelated victims

Question 30

how was tinbergen-lorenz theory declined

Answer 30

conspecific killings exists; | switches view to gene-centered individual socioecology

Question 31

out of america hypothesis of infanticide

Answer 31

infanticide caused by male competition over females (Hrdy)

Question 32

radcliffe-brown + nazis

Answer 32

health of a society is determined by how well individuals are interegrated into the living body of group= moticated nazi ideology

Question 33

conditions in ramnagar

Answer 33

``` no provisioning semi-green everest forest hot summer period no crop raiding sesaonality ```

Question 34

langurs in ramnagar

Answer 34

``` are synchronized and mate seasonally dont crop ride have no clear signs of menstruation/ovulation interbirth ratios are 2.4 years (polygynandry) ```

Question 35

langurs in jodhpur

Answer 35

``` females supress signs of visible mnstruation/ovulation IBI are 17.2 months infanticide occurs provisioning as seen as sacred/tourists are desynchronized (polygyny) ```

Question 36

conditions in jodhpur

Answer 36

dry climate and monsoons constanty water supply less predators crop raiding occurs

Question 37

hrdy concealed ovulation hypothesis

Answer 37

concealed ovulation evolved as a counter-strategy to infanticide in polygyandrous systems

Question 38

alenxander noonan concealed ovulation hypothesis

Answer 38

concealed ovulation and continious receptivity evolved to motivate pair-bonding/monogamy due to increased paternity uncertainity