Group —> MoA Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Antacids
A
Gastric Acid Neutralisation
2
Q
Antacid + Alginate
A
Gastric Acid Neutralisation
3
Q
H2 Receptor Antagonist
A
Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors
4
Q
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
A
Blockade of Stomach Acid Transporters (H+ Pump)
5
Q
Pancreatic Enzymes
A
Restoration of Pancreatic Enzymes
6
Q
Bulk Laxatives
A
Polymers that aren’t broken down by normal digestion bulk up stool.
Water retained in the GI lumen, softening and increasing faecal bulk and promote increased motility.
7
Q
Faecal Softner
A
Lower surface tension at oil-water interface allows water or fats to enter the stool and soften it.
8
Q
Osmotic Laxative
A
Create an osmotic gradient which pulls water into the lumen of the colon leading to distensión of the colon and purgation.
9
Q
Stimulant Laxatives
A
Stimulates rectal mucosa (myenteric plexus) resulting in mass movements.
10
Q
Opioid Anti-Motility Agents
A
u-opioid receptor agonist in myenteric plexus blocking intestinal muscarinic receptors.
11
Q
Loop Diuretics
A
Inhibits Na/K/2Cl transporter in the Loop of Henle which causes less water to be reabsorbed.
12
Q
Thiazides
A
Decreases sodium and chloride reabsorption by inhibiting transporters.
13
Q
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
A
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade prevents production of co transporters leading to decreased K secretion and decreased Na reabsorption. (spironolactone, eplerenone)
Blockade of ENaC leads to decreased sodium reabsorption (amiloride)
14
Q
Osmotic Diuretic
A
Increased plasma osmolarity causing water to leave cells and enter blood stream.
15
Q
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
A
Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase prevents the reabsoprtion of Bicarbonate and therefore sodium and water,
H2CO3 reaction in PCT.
Reduces aqueous humour volume
16
Q
ACEi
A
Inhibits conversion of Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. Therefore blocking vasoconstriction.
17
Q
ARBs
A
Blocks angiotensin 2 receptors and so blocks the renin-angiotensin system.
RAAS aim is to increase BP normally.
18
Q
Neprilysin Inhibitor
A
Inhibtion of Natriuretic Peptide breakdown means increased concentration and so increased diuresis.
Given with ARBs because they prevent vasoconstriction?
19
Q
Beta Blockers
A
Antagonism of beta adrenergic receptors leads to negative inotropy and chronotropy.
20
Q
Alpha Blockers
A
Antagonism of Alpha adrenergic receptors leads to Vasodilation and a decrease in TPR.
21
Q
CCB
A
Antagonism of calcium channels leads to blockage of vascular smooth muscle contraction (decreased vasoconstriction)
22
Q
Nitrates
A
Nitric oxide release leads to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation
23
Q
Sympathomimetics
A
Adrenergic stimulation leads to increased inotropy
24
Q
Antiplatelets
A
Inhibition of Thromboxane synthesis (aspirin)
Inhibition of platelet activation by Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) (clopidogrel)
25
Anticoagulant - Coumarin
Inhibition of Vitamin K epoxide reductase leads to decreased clotting.
26
Anticoagulant - Direct Thrombin Inhibitor
Inhibition of Thrombin
27
Anticoagulants - Direct Factor Xa inhibitors
Inhibition of Factor Xa in the coagulation cascade
28
Anticoagulants - Heparins
Inactivation of thrombin and factor Xa via complexing antithrombin III
29
Thromoblytics/Fibrinolytics
Activation of plasminogen for proteolytic breakdown of thrombus fibrin
30
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors
Inhibition of mavelonate pathway required for cholesterol synthesis
31
Class 1 Antiarrythmic
Voltage gated sodium channel blockage
Prolongs QT interval leading to increased QRS duration. Decrease chance of arrythmia
32
Class 2 Antiarrythmic
Beta adrenergic receptor blockage
reduction in adrenergic effects on rate and inotropy
33
Class 3 Antiarrythmic
Potassium channel blockage.
Evidence of beta blocker and calcium channel blocker properties
Prolongs QT interval
34
Class 4 Antiarrythmic
Cardiac calcium channel blockade
Reduction of action potential and cardiac output.
35
Cardiac Glycosides
Reduces conductivity of AV node.
Decreased HR
36
Adenosine
Activates adenosine receptors
Causes hyperpolarisation
Slows conduction through AV node.
37
Antimuscarinic (Anticholinergic)
Blockage of vagal muscarinic ACh receptors
Increases HR
38
Magnesium
Unclear
Possibly alters Na K Ca ion balance via channels and transporters.
39
Beta-2-Adrenergic Agonist
Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle
40
Antimuscarinics
Blocks muscarinic receptors to promote bronchial dilation
41
Methylxanthines
Bronchodilator by increasing cAMP in smooth muscle
42
Glucocorticoids
Reduction of inflammation and mucus production
43
Leukotriene Antagonist
Blockage of leukotriene receptors to reduce inflammation.
44
Mucolytic
Synthetic DNAse 1 - breakdown of extracellular DNA to reduce sputum viscosity. (dornase alfa)
Cleavage of mucous glycoproteins to reduce viscosity (Carbocisteine)
45
Dopaminergics
Increased dopamine synthesis and dopaminergic function. (Basal Ganglia)
46
Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor
Stops breakdown of Levodopa in the periphery by inhibiting dopa-decarboxylase.
47
Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors (MAOI)
Inhibit the breakdown of dopamine
48
Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor (COMT)
Blockade of dopamine precursor breakdown by inhibition of COMT.
49
Anticholinergics
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist.
50
Dopamine-depleting drugs
Blocks VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter) preventing uptake of DA into vesicles.
51
Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Inhibition of serotonin (5HT) reuptake pump in synaptic cleft
52
Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA)
Inhibits monoamine oxidase A, preferentially decreases breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline
53
Tricylic Antidepressants (TCA)
Inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake in synaptic cleft.
H1 antagonist
M1 antagonist
Adrenergic Antagonist.
54
Atypical Antidepressants Venlafaxine and Reboxetine
Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
55
Atypical Antidepressant Buproprion
Noradrenaline and Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
56
Atypical Antidepressant Agomelatine
Melatonin agonist
57
Atypical Antidepressant Mirtazepine
Alpha-2-antagonist
58
Antipsychotic 1st Generation
Selective D2 dopamine receptor blockade
59
Antipsychotic 2nd Generation
Selective D2 doapmine receptor blockade
| 5-HT receptor blockade
60
Mood Stabiliser
Unclear - possible neuronal calcium channel blockade.
61
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (reversible)
62
NMDA receptor antagonist
VD blocker of NDMA
63
Anxiolytics
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM) (y-subunit) increase GABA receptor acitivity.
5HT partial Agonist (buspirone)
64
Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotic
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM) (y-subunit) increase GABA receptor acitivity. (y-subunit)
65
Anti-Epilepsy Drugs (AEDs)
Sodium channel blockers.
Ethosuximide = Calcium channel blocker
Slows down action potentials to make seizures less likely.
66
Benzodiazepines
GABA positive allosteric modulator (PAM) (y-subunit) causing increased activity of GABA receptors to enhance GABA effects.
67
Benzodiazepine Antagonist
Antagonises GABA receptors and signalling.
68
Barbiturates
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulate (B-subunit) --> enhanced effect of GABA.
69
Weak Analgesic / Antipyretic
Unclear - Possible COX inhibitor in CNS.
70
NSAID
Non-selective COX inhibitors, blockade of prostaglandin (healing proteins) synthesis
71
COX2-selective NSAIDs
COX-2 inhibition, localised prostaglandin (healing proteins) blockade
72
Weak Opioid Analgesics
Stimulation of analgesic opioid receptors
73
Strong Opioid Analgesics
Stimulation of analgesic opioid receptors
74
Partial/mixed agonist opioid analgesics
Modulation of analgesic opioid receptors (u and k)
75
Opioid Antagonist
Opioid Receptor Antagonist
76
Opioid Addiction Management
Narcotic opioid replacement, opioid receptor agonist/modulator
77
Drugs for Neuropathic Pain
Voltage dependant calcium channel antagonist (gabapentin, pregabalin)
Tri-cyclic antidepressant (amitryptiline)
78
Inhaled Analgesics
Unclear Mechanism
79
General Anaesthetics
Unclear - possible enhancement of GABA function
Ketamine - NMDA receptor blockade.
80
Local Anaesthetic
Voltage-gated sodium channel blockade
81
Neuromuscular Blockers
Competitive antagonist at ACh receptor
Initially depolarisations and desensitisation of ACh receptor
82
Drugs for reversing neuromuscular block
Oligosaccharide that forms a complex with NMBs removing them from Neuromuscular Junction (Sugammadex)
Peripheral Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (Neostigmine)
83
Muscle Relaxants and Sedatives
BDZ - GABA Positive allosteric modulator to increase GABA receptor activity. (Temazepam)
Alpha-2-agonists inhibit sympathetic activity (Dexmedetomidine)
opiod receptors lead to muscle relaxation and sedation (fentanils)
84
Anti-Emetic Cyclizine
Histamine H1 receptor blockade
85
Anti-Emetic Domperidone and Metoclopramide
Dopamine D2 receptor blockade in the Chemoreceptor trigger zone
86
Penicillins (Beta Lactam)
Beta-Lactam: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
87
Carbapenems (Beta Lactam)
Meropenem
Beta-Lactam: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
88
Cephalosporins (Beta Lactam)
Ceftriaxone
Beta-Lactam: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
89
Antifolate Antibiotic
Trimethoprim
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase
90
Fluroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase
91
Marcolide Antibiotic
Erthromycin, Azithromycin
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
92
Tetracycline Antibiotic
Doxycycline
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
93
Nitrofuran
Nitrofurantoin
Bacterial DNA interference
94
Aminoglycoside
Gentamycin
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
95
Glycopeptide
Vancomycin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Gram-Positive Bacteria
96
Nitroimidazole (anti-anaerobe)
Metronidazole
Inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis
97
Anti-TB Drugs
Isoniazid, Ethambutol
- Inhibition of mycobacterium cell wall synthesis
Rifampicin
- Inhibition of mycobacterial RNA synthesis
98
Therapeutic Cytokines
Interferon Alpha
| - Activation of antiviral intracellular and immune responses
99
DNA Polymerase Inhibitors
Aciclovir, Ganciclovir
| - Virus Replication Blockade
100
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Oseltamivir
| - Prevention of viral budding and infectivity
101
Nucleoside Analogues
Ribavarin
| - Disrupts viral RNA synthesis
102
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
Tenofovir
| - Blockade of viral reverse transcriptase function for viral genetic replication.
103
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
Efavirenz
| - Blockade of viral reverse transcriptase function for viral genetic replication.
104
Viral Protease Inhibitor
Lopinavir
| - Blockade of viral protease required for virus particle assembly
105
Integrase Inhibitor
Dolutegravir
| - Disrupts integration of HIV genome into host chromosomes.
106
Viral Fusion Inhibitors
Enfuvirtide
| - Blockade of virus fusion to target cell membrane
107
Chemokine receptor/CCR5 Antagonist
Maraviroc
| - Blockade of HIV binding to co-factor for cell entry
108
Triazole anti-fungal agent
Fluconazole
| - Disruption of fungal membrane function.
109
Blood glucose-reducing hormones
Insulin
| - Stimulation of glucose uptake by cells (GLUT-2)
110
Oral Biguanide
Metformin
- Increases insulin sensitivity
- Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
111
Sulphonylurea
Gliclazide
| - Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion
112
Thiazolidinedione
Pioglitazone
| - Increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue
113
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonist
Exenatide
- Incretin (decreased blood glucose) analogue - improves glucose control.
- Acts on the glucagon receptors to increase cell uptake of glucose.
114
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
Sitagliptin
| - Reduces inactivation of incretins (hormones that reduce blood glucose)
115
Lipase Inhibitor
Orlistat
| - Inhibition of GI uptake of dietary fat
116
Thyroid Hormones
T4, T3
| - Sythetic hormones that act on thyroid hormone receptors.
117
Antifolate Antiproliferative
Methotrexate
| - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and DNA synthesis for lymphocyte proliferation (decreased immune response)
118
Antimetabolite Immunosuppressant
Azathioprine
| - Unclear, possible inhibition of DNA synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation (decreased immune response)
119
Cytokine Modulators
Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab
| - TNF-alpha blockade (decreased immune response)
120
Aminosalicylates
Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine
- Unclear, possible COX inhibition
- Possible free radical scavenging, T cell suppression.
121
Oral combination pill contraceptives
Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH
122
Oral mini-pill contraceptives Progestogen-only
Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH, endometrial changes, thickening of cervical mucous
123
Implants/Injectable Contraceptives
Mimics ovulation, reduces LH and FSH
124
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Restores decreased hormone level and function via oestrogen to lessen symptoms of the menopause
Progesterone is added to prevent the thickening of the endometrium via oestrogen, and so reduce the cancer risk
125
Induction of Labour
Prostaglandin E2 - stimulates cervical ripening
126
Augmentation Agents
Stimulation of uterine contractions
127
Antiprogestogen/Prostaglandin for medical termination
Steroidal antiprogestogen in combination with synthetic prostaglandin
- Mifepristone blocks progesterone --> thinning of the uterine lining and preventing embryo implantation
- Mesoprostol, synthetic prostaglandin, causes the uterus to contract and expel the embryo through the vagina
128
Antifibrinolytic for Menorrhagia
Inhibits fibrin clot breakdown by plasmin
129
NSAID (for dysmenorrhoea)
Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis
130
Alpha-1-blocker
| - Tamsulosin
Smooth muscle relaxant acting on bladder neck
131
Urinary Antispasmodic (Antimuscarinic)
Blockade of acetylcholine receptors leading to bladder smooth muscle relaxation
132
Beta-3-Agonist
| - Mirabegron
Stimulation of Beta-3 adrenergic receptors, leading to detrusor smooth muscle relaxation.
133
Anti-Androgen
| - Finasteride
Inhibition of synthesis of dihydrotestosterone which leads to prostatic growth.
134
Anti-Histamine
H1 histamine receptor blockade
135
Glucocorticoids
Intracellular transcription factor interactions, gene expression
136
Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Cyclosporin
- Tacrolimus
Inhibition of T cell signalling
137
Classical Alkylating Agent
| - Cyclophosphamide
DNA crosslinking that changes the conformation of DNA strands
138
Taxanes
Inhibition of microtubule assembly in mitotic spindle
139
Vinca Alkaloids
Inhibition of microtubule assembly in mitotic spindle
140
Antifolates
| - Methotrexate
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and DNA synthesis
141
Antipyramidines
Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis
142
Antipurines
Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis
143
Anthracycline Antibiotics
| - Doxorubicin
DNA intercalation
| Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis
144
Antineoplastic Monoclonal antibodies
| - Trastuzumab
Targetting of cells overexpressing Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER-2) for tumour reduction and destruction
145
Antineoplastic Monoclonal Antibodies
| - Rituximab
Targeted destruction of CD20+ B cells
146
Antineoplastic Monoclonal Antibodies
| - Nivolumab
Stimulation of anti-tumour responses via blocking PD-1
147
Immunomodulator
| - Lenolidamide
Stimulation of T cell responses
148
Selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
| - Tamoxifen
Inhibition of oestrogen receptor function and cell proliferation in the breast
149
Luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor agonist
- Goserelin
Synthetic analogue of LHRH
| Activates LHRH receptor funcction leading to sustained reduction in testosterone.
150
Therapeutic Hormones for Calcium Homeostasis
| - Calcitonin
Inhibits mobilisation of calcium from bones
151
Bisphosphonates
Inhibits osteoclast function and bone resorption via osteoclast apoptosis
152
Drugs for Hypocalcaemia
Restoration of calcium levels and metabolism
153
Vitamin D
Restores Vitamin D levels
154
Selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for Osteoporosis
- Raloxifene
Stimulation of oestrogen function in bone
155
Denosumab
Inhibition of osteoclast function and bone resorption
156
Ferrous Sulphate
Iron Provision
157
Folic Acid
Supports nucleic acid synthesis
158
Vitamin B12 (parenteral)
Enzyme Co-Factor
159
N-Acetylcysteine Paracetamol Antidote
Restoring and maintaining hepatic intracellular glutathione required for paracetamol detoxification
160
Chlordiazepoxide BDZ for alcohol withdrawal
Potentiation of GABAa receptor agonist
161
Clomethiazole Non-BDZ hypnotic for alcohol withdrawal
GABA mimetic - GABAa receptor agonist
162
Acamprostate for treatment of alcohol abuse
GABA mimetic - GABAa receptor agonist, possible NMDA receptor antagnosit
163
Aliskiren (direct renin inhibitor)
Direct inhibition of renin enzymatic function and of angiotensin 1 generation
164
Doxazosin (alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist)
Vasodilator, decreases TPR
165
Clonidine (alpha 2 adrenergic agonist)
Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors driving vasodilation
166
Ivabradine
Inhibition of cardiac l(funny) current in the SA node
167
Antiplatelets Prasugrel and Ticagrelor
Purinergic receptor blockers
168
Lithium Carbonate
Neuronal Calcium channel blockage
169
Sumatriptan (Migraine treatment)
Stimulation of 5-HT receptors
170
Topiramate (Migraine Prophylaxis)
Blockade of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels
171
Anti-emetic Ondansetron
Serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor blockade
172
Lincosamide
Clindamycin
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
173
Viral Entry inhibitor (Maraviroc)
Blockade of HIV binding to co-factor for cell entry
174
Anti-helmintic (Mebendazole)
Disruption of microtubule assembly in helminth cells
175
Pyrethrine anti-infestation (Permethrin)
Inhibits invertebrate neural sodium channels, causing paralysis of pests
176
GLP-1 Agonist
Incretin analogue - improves glucose control
177
SGLT-2 inhibitor
Blockade of renal glucose-sodium co-transporter
178
PPAR-alpha activator (Fenofibrate)
Activation of PPAR-alpha transcription factor.
179
Vasopressin Analogue (Desmopressin)
Agonist for ADH receptors
180
Dopamine receptor agonists for endocrinology
Stimulation of D2 receptors in the pituitary gland for prolactin secretion
181
Anti-thyroid drugs
Inhibition of Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme
182
Thiopurine Antiproliferative
Inhibitor of purine synthesis- possible inhibition of DNA synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation
183
Antimetabolite Antiproliferative Leflunomide
Inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis, reducing DNA and RNA synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation
184
Anti Gout agent Colchicine
Possible inhibition of inflammatory cell motility
185
Xanthase oxidase inhibitor
Inhibition of uric acid synthesis
186
NSAID for gout Indometacin
COX enzyme inhibition
187
Progesterone receptor modulator Ulipristal
Stimulation of progesterone-like responses in pituitary and endometrium
188
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (Mycophenolate)
Inhibition of purine synthesis; anti-proliferative
189
Synthetic G-CSF (Filgrastim)
Stimulation of neutrophil production in bone marrow
190
Hydroxocobalamin (paraenteral)
Vitamin B12 - Enzyme co-factor
