group processes

Question 1

what is a group?

Answer 1

two or more individuals in face to face interaction, each aware of his or her membership in the group, who belongs to the group (Johnson and Johnson 1987)

Question 2

what are the the types of groups? (Lickel et al 2000)

Answer 2

Strong interpersonal relationships

Formed to fulfil tasks

Groups based on large social categories

Groups based on weak social

Transitory groups

Question 3

What are the strong interpersonal relationships?

Answer 3

Families
Small groups of close friends

Question 4

What are formed to fulfil tasks?

Answer 4

Committees
Work groups

Question 5

what are minimal groups? (Tajfel, Billig, bundy, flament 1971 replicated by wilder 1975)

Answer 5

Split randomly into two groups

People allocated more money to their own group than the other group and the affect could not be explained by :

Self interest (as they didn’t get a share)
Existing friendships (as allocation was random)

Question 6

What was Triplett (1898) study?

Answer 6

He observed track cyclist and found performances were faster when :
Timed alone
Timed and racing alongside other cyclists

Question 7

What did Triplett hypothesise?

Answer 7

That the presence of an audience particularly in a competition, energised performance on motor task

Question 8

What apparatus did Triplett test his hypothesis and why?

Answer 8

Fishing line apparatus and found children performed better when racing against each other than when alone

Question 9

what phenomenon did allport (1920) term

Answer 9

social facilitation

Question 10

what is mere presence?

Answer 10

defined as an entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present (Hogg and Vaughan)

Question 11

when do kangaroos and monkeys eat more and run faster?

Answer 11

when other members of species are doing the same thing

Question 12

What tasks were experimented for social inhibition?

Answer 12

Complex - typing name backwards which was done slower in presence of people (Schmitt et al )

Men take longer to urinate when standing beside someone rather than alone (Middlemist et al 1976)

Question 13

what does mere presence increase?

Answer 13

arousal and dominance

Question 14

how does being anxious affect ability to do tasks?

Answer 14

they tend to do better on easy tasks and worse on difficult ones

Question 15

what happens if the dominant response is correct?

Answer 15

performance will be facilitated

Question 16

what if the dominant response is incorrect?

Answer 16

performance is inhibited

Question 17

What is the 2 parts to zajoncs drive theory

Answer 17

Social facilitation
Social Inhibition

Question 18

What Is Cottrell (1972) evaluation apprehension theory ?

Answer 18

We learn about social reward/punishment contingencies eg approval and disapproval based on others evaluation

Question 19

why is social facilitation an acquired effects?

Answer 19

Based on perceived evaluations of others

Question 20

What were the 3 audience conditions in Cottrell et al Evolution apprehension ?

Answer 20

Blindfolded (cannot see ppt)
Merely present (passive and uninterested)
Attentive audience

Question 21

when was social facilitation found in the evaluation apprehension study?

Answer 21

when the audience was perceived to be evaluative; wanting to perform well for their audience worked in their favour

Question 22

whose research was less in support of evaluation apprehension?

Answer 22

Markus 1978

Question 23

What was Markus 1978s study?

Answer 23

Time taken to dress in familiar clothes (easy task, own clothes) / unfamiliar clothes (difficult task, lab coat and unfamiliar shoes) as a function of social presence

Question 24

what were the 3 conditions in evolution apprehension?

Answer 24

1. alone
2. in the presence of inattentive audience
3. in presence of attentive audience

Question 25

when did the attentive audience speed up?

Answer 25

easy task

Question 26

What did Schmitt et al do for evaluation apprehension?

Answer 26

Asked ppts to type either their name or a code backwards on a computer

Question 27

what was the effect mere presence had on schmitts study?

Answer 27

Made people perform the simple task quicker and the difficult task slower

Question 28

What did adding an evaluation apprehension do to the typing speed?

Answer 28

It made little difference

Question 29

What was Sanders experiment for distraction conflict theory?

Answer 29

Sanders et al had ppts complete an easy or difficult digit task, but : - Alone - Someone doing the same task or someone doing a different task

Question 30

What is the distraction conflict theory?

Answer 30

People become distracted focusing drive on what others are doing and performing worse

Question 31

What was sanders results?

Answer 31

People performed worse when someone did the same thing as them (i.e more distraction) Showed bursts of light could similarly affect social facilitation

Question 32

what did Siemon 2023 examine?

Answer 32

Whether using AI - based idea evaluation led to evaluation apprehension where a Finnish ppt presented an idea to either Al or Philip

Question 33

What was the results of Siemon 2023?

Answer 33

Ppts expressed less evaluation apprehension when presenting to AI than Phillip showing that when humans are involved in evaluating an idea people tend to feel concerned

Question 34

What did Ringelmann find for social loafing?

Answer 34

Ringelman (1913, 1927) found that men pulling on a rope attached to a dynamometer exerted less force than the number of people in the group

Question 35

what is the reasons for social loafing?

Answer 35

Coordination loss : as group size inhibits movement, distraction and jostling Motivation loss : Ppts did not try as hard; less motivated

Question 36

what did Ingham et al investigate?

Answer 36

Investigated this with real groups and pseudo groups pulling on a rope ; ppt blind folded

Question 37

who was in Ingham's real and pseudo group?

Answer 37

Real : groups of varying size Pseudo group : Only one true ppt rest were confederates who did not pull a rope

Question 38

How did Latane support social loafing?

Answer 38

Clapping, shouting and cheering tasks

Question 39

What were Latanes results?

Answer 39

Recorded amount of cheering/ clapping noise made per person (blind folded) reduced by : 29% in 2 person groups 49% in 4 person groups 60% in 6 person groups

Question 40

why did Geen say people loaf?

Answer 40

Output equity - where people learn others are not pulling their weight they can lose motivation and put less effort in Evaluation apprehension - individuals only believe their efforts are being judged when they perform alone; in groups people are not accountable

Question 41

How are ways we can reduce social loafing ?

Answer 41

Identifiability - when peoples individual contributions to a task can be identified Individual responsibility - when people know they can make a unique contribution to a task

Question 42

what did Williams et al suggest about Identifiability?

Answer 42

People shout louder in a group shouting task when they think every individuals volume can be recorded

Question 43

What did Harkins & Petty suggest about individual responsibility?

Answer 43

In a group task, watching for dots on a screen : Ppl worked harder if they thought they were solely responsible for watching a particular segment vs If they thought others were watching too, even when no one would know how many dots they had personally spotted

Question 44

can we replicate social loafing across groups?

Answer 44

Social loafing appears to be robust across gender, culture and task although the effect is smaller for subjects from eastern cultures (karau and Williams)

Question 45

what is the impact of groups on performance on the collective effort model

Answer 45

People will put effort into a group task when : They believe their input will have an impact Completing the task is likely to bring them something they value which could include concrete things such as Money or abstracts such as enjoyment

Question 46

what is group polarisation?

Answer 46

people who often discuss topics with those who are similarly minded which can strengthen the attitudes

Question 47

what was moscovivis study for group polarisation ?

Answer 47

1969 found that group discussions enhanced French students already positive towards their president and enhanced their negative attitudes towards Americans

Question 48

what did mcglynn suggest about group problem solving ?

Answer 48

when groups get together and critique each others ideas, they have been found to come up with better quality ideas

Question 49

what did Mullen suggest about group problem solving ?

Answer 49

more effective when small rather than large groups and if the experimenter is not present to monitor the process

Question 50

what did diehle and stroebe 1987 suggest about group problem solving?

Answer 50

if only simple group decisions occur with no breakout from individuals solitary efforts are better

Question 51

What is group think ?

Answer 51

very specific phenomenon thought to occur under particular conditions where there is stressful situations without a clear correct solution cohesive group of clear minded people cut off from external influences

Question 52

what did Janis say is the consequences of group think?

Answer 52

the group does not carry out adequate research so alternatives options are not considered; group members cascade around the same opinion