social categorisation, stereotypes and prejudice Flashcards
(45 cards)
what is categorisation?
collection of instances that have a family resemblance organised around a prototype
what is a prototype?
cognitive representation of typical defining features of a category
what did Rosch (1978) say about fuzzy categories?
The fuzziness depends on more or less typical of the category, the prototype and categorisation of less typical members more difficult
why do we categorise? (crisp and turner 2014)
save cognitive energy
clarifies and refines perception of the world
maintain a positive self esteem
what are some common group distinctions?
sexual orientation
age
employment status
profession
class
nationality
race
what is a negative stereotype?
may occur when people inaccurately pair minority groups with negative events/behaviours because they are both distinct
what did Hamilton and Sherman (1996) say about illusory contours?
- Asked white American ppts to estimate the arrest rate of various types of american
- African Americans were estimated to have a higher arrest rate
what are the effects of stereotyping?
behavioural assimilation
stereotype threat
prejudice and discrimination
what was bargh study (1996) on behavioural assimilation?
Scrambled sentence task where you make sentences out of randomly ordered words
what is the IV in barghs behavioural assimilation study?
Elderly : task used words associated with elderly stereotypes eg grey
Neutral : words unrelated to age eg thirsty
what is the DV in barghs behavioural assimilation study?
ppts directed to the exit and hidden confederate timed how long it took them to leave room
what was the results from Barghs study?
ppts primed with elderly words behaved in a way related to an elderly stereotype
what did Papies 2015 find?
People who want to become thinner are likelier to make healthy food choices if they are primed with words such as diet
what is the stereotype threat (Steele and Aronson 1995)
this is where negative stereotypes define our own groups and we behave in line with them
what did Tan and Barber examine about whether stereotype threat replicate across groups?
Whether age based stereotypes impact older Chinese adults by testing older Chinese ppts memory recall under a stereotype threat condition
what did tan and barbers results show?
demonstrated poorer memory recall in the stereotype threat condition vs control
what was the issue with tan and barbers study?
ppts were immigrants residing in the US so the threat could be different in asian ppts who reside in asian countries
what is prejudice ?
strong, highly accessible negative attitude dominated by cognitive bias and negative stereotypes
What is discrimination?
Behaviour based on unjust treatment of certain groups where there is a reluctance to help, tokenism, and reverse discrimination
what is gaetner and dovidio 1977 experiment on reluctance to help in discrimination?
ppts were more reluctant to help a minority member than their own group when faced with an emergency but only when others were present
what is monin and miller experiment on tokenism?
found ppts who were given the opportunity to hire a well qualified minority candidate were willing to discriminate against other minorities in future hiring as they had already proved they were not prejudiced
what is reverse discrimination?
opening displays pro minority behaviour but as a way to deflect accusations of prejudice eg giving more money to a minority member when feeling threatened
what did quilian and lee find out about racism and sexism?
hiring discrimination among 170k apps for minority groups has not fallen over the past decades
how was racism changed?
conflict between evaluation towards out groups and values of equality and egalitarian attitudes
it is also more aversive
