group processes Flashcards
(30 cards)
What does Allport (1924) suggest?
-”If we take care of the individual, the groups will take care of themselves”
What are the types of groups according to Lickel et al., (2000)
-Strong interpersonal relationships
-Formed to fulfil tasks
-Groups based on large social categories
-Groups based on weak social relationships
-Transitory groups
Describe strong interpersonal relationships
-Families
-Small groups of close friends
Describe formed to fulfil tasks
-Committees
-Work groups
Describe groups based on large social categories
-Womens
-Americans
Describe groups based on weak social relationships
-People who enjoy Taylor Swift music
-People from same local area
Describe transitory groups
-People waiting at the bus stop
-People waiting the same queue
Describe minimal groups (Tajfel et al. 1971)
-Shows bias such as in group favouritism
-Split into 2 groups
-People allocated more money to their ‘own’ group than the other group
-Effect couldn’t be explained by self interest and existing friendships
What did Triplett (1898) find in regards to social facilitation?
-Observed track cyclists
-Found performances were faster when timed alone and timed alongside other cyclists
-Said that the presence of an audience made them do better
What principle did Allport (1920) come up with?
-Generalised effect called ‘mere presence’
-Entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present
-Improvement in performance due to mere presence of others
Describe the idea of social inhibition (Bond and Titus, 1983)
-Contradicts social facilitation
-Presence of an audience can impair performance for humans and animals
-E.g. complex task such as typing name backwards (Schmitt et al., 1986)
-E.g. Men take longer to urinate when someone is next to them (Middlemist et al., 1976)
Describe Zajonc’s Drive Theory (1965)
-Argued mere presence creates increase in arousal and energises dominant response, which is what is typically done in a situation
-If dominant response is correct (easy) = performance is facilitated
-If dominant response is incorrect (difficult) = performance is inhibited
Describe the idea of Evaluation Apprehension (Cottrell, 1972)
-The idea that rather than just having a mere presence, people are also judging you as well
-Approval and dissapproval based on others’ evaluations
Describe the study conducted by Markus (1978)
-Time taken to dress in familiar clothes (easy) compared to unfamiliar clothes (difficult)
-Alone condition, attentive audience condition and inattentive audience condition
-Attentive audience speeded up performance in easy task
-Not much difference in difficult task
Describe the study conducted by Schmitt et al. (1986)
-Asked ppts to type name or code backwards
-Mere presence of others made people perform simple task quicker and difficult task slower
-Adding in evaluation apprehension condition made little difference to typing speed
Describe the Distraction-Conflict Theory
-People become distracted and focused on what others are doing, resulting in them performing worse
What did Sanders et al. (1978) find in regards to this?
-Ppts completed an easy or difficult digit task
-Alone condition
-Someone doing same task/different task
-People performed worse when someone did same thing as them due to more distraction
What is The Ringelmann Effect?
-Also known as social loafing
-When in a group people tend to put less effort into tasks due to them believing that everyone in the group should take responsibility
What are the 2 reasons for this effect?
-Coordination loss - too much movement and jostling, can’t obtain full potential
-Motivation loss - ppts don’t try as hard
Describe the research done by Latane et al. (1979) into social loafing
-Recording amount of clapping, shouting and cheering noise made by a person (blindfolded)
-Reduced by 29% in 2 person groups
-Reduced by 49% in 4 person groups
-Reduced by 60% in 6 person groups
-Shows that being with an individual makes you perform less
Why does this occur?
-Output Equity - people lose motivation and put less effort in
-Evaluation Apprehension - only believe their efforts are being judged when acting alone
How do we reduce loafing?
-Identifiability - when people believe individual contributions to a task can be identified
-Individual responsibility - when people know they can make a unique contribution to task
What is the Collective Effort Model (Karau and Williams, 1993) ?
-People put effort into a task when:
1: They believe their input will have an impact
2: If the task if likely to bring them something that they value e.g. grades, money etc.
What is group polarisation (Moscovici and Zavalloni, 1969) ?
-People discuss topics with those who are similarly minded, can strengthen attitudes
-Found that group discussions enhances French students positive attitude towards their president and enhanced already negative attitude towards Americans
