self awareness identity Flashcards
(39 cards)
What type of identity did Tajfel and Turner (1979) come up with
-Social and personal identity
What type of identity did Brewer and Gardner (1996) come up with?
-3 types of self
-Individual - personal traits that distinguish you from others e.g. being friendly
-Relational - dyadic relationships that assimilate you to others e.g. relationships to mom/daughter
-Collective - group membership e.g. being academic and at a certain school/uni
What does self awareness refer to?
-Specific psychological state
-Can include traits, feelings and behaviour
-Some people more self aware than others
-‘Fundamental part of human beings’
-Not an innate trait, develop it at 1 1/2 - 2 years
(R) According to Duval and Wickland (1972), what does self-awareness refer to?
‘State in which you are aware of yourself as an object’
-When you are objectively self aware you compare yourself to how you are now and what you want to be, an ‘ideal’
Describe the use of the Mirror test (Gallup, 1970)
-Test whether child or animal can tell if the image that is in front of them is themselves in the mirror, see whether they reach for the change in the mirror or touch it on their own face
What is chronic self awareness?
-Something can be stressful and you can take part in avoidance behaviours e.g. drinking
-Heightened in teenagers and acts as a defence mechanism
What is reduced self awareness?
-Occurs when you don’t monitory your own behaviour and become impulsive and reckless
-Deindividuation, less aware of behaviour
-”Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn, 1991)
What are the 2 types of self according to Carver and Schemer (1981)
-Private self e.g. private thoughts, feelings, attitudes
-Public self e.g. social image, seen and evaluated by others
(R) What does your private self cause you to do?
-Match yourself to your internalised standards
(R) What does your public self cause you to do?
-Presenting yourself to others in a positive way
(R) What does de-individuation mean?
-People lose their sense of individual identity, fail to monitor their actions and partake in antisocial behaviours by acting impulsively
If you are chronically aware you can become self conscious, this includes…
-Heightened private
-Heightened public
Heightened private means…
-Intense emotions
-Accurate self perception
-Personal beliefs
-Less stress related illnesses, increase chance of depression and neuroticism
Heightened public means…
-Focus on perception of others
-Nervous, anxious, low self esteem
-Adhering to group norms to avoid embarrassment
-Concern with physical appearance, both self and others
(R) Which brain system is said to be responsible for our sense of self?
-Widely distributed brain activity across medial prefrontal and medial precuneus cortex of brain (Saxe et al., 2006)
What are self schemas?
-When you act, think, behave and feel a certain way
-Important part of self concept
-Becomes either self-schematic and aschematic
(R) What did Showers (1992) suggest about self-schemas?
-Ones that are rigidly compartmentalised can be a disadvantage
-Some are neg and some are pos, and this can cause mods swings depending on which schema has been primed
What is the difference between self-schematic and aschematic?
-Significant part of identity compared to insignificant part of identity
What are the 2 theories for how self development should be?
-Control Theory of Self regulation (Carver and Scheier, 1981)
-Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987)
Describe the Control Theory of Self Regulation (Carver and Scheier, 1981)
-How we think it should be
-Requires standard, whether our current self meets this
-For effective self regulation, you need to have clear goals and standards
-Private and public standards
Describe the Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987)
-3 types of self schemas that we have
-Active (present) - how we currently are
-Ideal (like to be) - how we would like to be
-Ought (should be) - how we believe we should be
-Used to motivate change and if this fails it can cause disappointment (Ideal:Dejection) and anxiety (Ought:Agitation)
(R) These two theories have been combined to create Regulatory Focus Theory (Higgins, 1997). Describe this theory
-People have 2 different self-regulatory systems
1: Promotion -attainment of your hopes and aspirations, known as ‘ideals’
2: Prevention - fulfilment of duties and obligations, known as ‘oughts’
What are the 2 theories of how self development is in other groups?
-Social Identity Theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979)
-Self Categorisation Theory (Turner et al., 1987)
Describe the Social Identity Theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979)
-Personal identity - unique personal attributes, relationships and traits
-Social identity - group membership defining your self
-In group and out group favouritism
