growing up in a family Flashcards
what is discipline? how does this differ from internalization?
- discipline: the set of strategies parents use to teach their children to behave appropriately
- discipline ideally leads to internalization: when a child learns/accepts and abides by a parent’s rules/norms even when the parent isn’t present
- internalization is fostered using reasoning + psychological pressure
how is internalization fostered?
reasoning + psychological pressure
- reasoning explains to children the effect of their behaviour on others; teaches empathy
- psychological pressure ideally looks like a stern voice and a disapproving look (too little leads to ignoring the parent/order, too much leads to obedience, but only when there is risk of getting caught)
what are the two dimensions of parenting styles? where do the various parenting styles fall on these dimensions?
- discipline/control
- sensitivity/support/warmth
- authoritative = high control, high warmth
- authoritarian = high control, low warmth
- permissive = low control, high warmth
- uninvolved = low control, low warmth
how do mom’s vs dad’s parenting tend to differ, based on gender norms?
- moms spend on average 1.5 hours more per day with children than dads and are more likely to provide physical care and emotional support
- dads are more likely to play with children
how does parenting tend to be similar across cultures?
- all parents teach about good and bad behaviour very often
- the least likely punishment to be used is love withdrawal
how do European-American vs Chinese/Chinese-American parenting practices differ? what are the effects of this?
- chinese parents are more likely to use authoritarian parenting
- authoritarian parenting has fewer negative consequences for chinese children and generally in places where authoritarian parenting is the norm
- positive association between authoritative parenting and good outcomes across all cultures, but this association is weaker for chinese children/in cultures where authoritarian is the norm
how many children worldwide experience regular physical punishment? which countries/cultures are more likely to use physical punishment?
60%; higher in countries where authoritarian parenting is the norm
what are the consequences of spanking? are these culturally specific or are they found across the world?
the following effects of spanking are found across cultural groups:
- less compliance and more aggressiveness
- more problematic relationships with parents
- more mental health problems
- lower self esteem
describe the coercive cycle of how children influence their own parenting
- parent makes request/says no
- child disobeys
- parent gets angry and yells
- (bidirectional interaction) child yells/throws tantrum
- (bidirectional interaction) parent yells
- parent gives up or succeeds
-> giving up reinforces child’s tantrum
-> succeeding reinforces harsh parenting
what are the possible reasons behind the correlation between children’s behaviour and parenting? what common misconception does this address?
- parenting practices
- children’s behaviour
- shared genes
indicates that parenting practices are not exclusively responsible for children’s outcomes
what type of research is key in illustrating the bidirectional relationship between parenting practices and children’s behaviour?
longitudinal research
how do older first-time parents tend to differ from younger first-time parents?
older first time parents tend to…
- have more education and higher income
- have fewer children
- be less likely to get divorced in the first 10 years
- more authoritative parenting
how do children of same-sex parents tend to differ from children of different-sex parents?
- they don’t
- similar mental health, social competence, sexual orientation, and academic achievement
how many marriages end in divorce nowadays? what year saw the highest divorce rate?
- now: 35-42%
- peaked in 1987 at 50%
what impacts does divorce have on children? what factors affect these outcomes?
- generally speaking, children of divorced parents show more depression, lower self-esteem, more behavioural problems, and do worse academically
- but these effects don’t last
- if parents were engaged in a lot of conflict when married, their divorce may actually improve kid’s wellbeing
- age affects how children adjust to divorce:
- kids whose parents divorced earlier showed more internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (aggression, impulsivity) symptoms
- kids whose parents divorced later showed poorer academic performance - the more changes that occur as a result of the divorce, the harder it is for the child to adjust (eg. new home, new school, remarriage, etc.)
- ongoing conflict with parents/stepparents make it harder for the child to adjust
- high levels of warmth/sensitivity make it easier for children to adjust
