Growth

Question 1

What does growth hormone do to protein stores, fat stores and carbohydrate stores

Answer 1

Enhances body protein
Uses Fat stores
Conserves carbohydrates

Question 2

What does Diabetogenic mean?

Answer 2

It produces persistent elevation in blood glucose

Question 3

What hormone control growth?

Answer 3

Growth Hormone
IGF-1
Thyroid Hormones
Insulin
Sex Hormones
Cortisol (antagonistic)

Question 4

What controls growth in the foetal period

Answer 4

Nutrition
Insulin
Thyroid hormones

Question 5

When does growth hormone start to become significant in development

Answer 5

10 monthes

Question 6

What do babies who are born deficient in GH and IGF-1 look like at birth

Answer 6

normal size

Question 7

What produces spike in the GH release at puberty

Answer 7

Oestrogen/testosterone

Question 8

What specific dimensions does GH/IGF-1 increases

Answer 8

Bone length
Height
Weight
Body Mass

Question 9

What will a baby be like if it is born with a thyroid hormone deficiency

Answer 9

It will not grow well after birth and it will have cognitive problems

Question 10

What will a baby be like if it is born with a growth hormone deficiency

Answer 10

Not grow well after birth but will be cognitively fine

Question 11

What part of the infant is TH most responsible for developing

Answer 11

Nervous system

Question 12

What is congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 12

babies are born of normal size but they do not grow

retain infantile facial features

Question 13

What other deficiency can cause similar symptoms to congenital hypothyroidism and why

Answer 13

Materal iodine deficiency

Iodine is needed for thyroid production

Question 14

What effect does thyroid hormone have on growth homrone

Answer 14

A permissive effect

Question 15

What is Growth Hormone also known as

Answer 15

Somatotropin

Question 16

What cell types release growth hormone

Answer 16

Somatotrophs

Question 17

What are the normal levels of circulating growth hormone in adults and children

Answer 17

Children - 1.6-3 ng/ml

Adults 6ng/ml

Question 18

What controls the release of growth hormone

Answer 18

Growth Hormone releasing hormone

Growth hormone ingibiting hormone

Question 19

What is GHIH also known as

Answer 19

Somatostatin

Question 20

Why is GH secretion continued throughout adult life

Answer 20

It is essential for maintenance and repair of tissue

Question 21

What does GH promote in its target tissues at a cellular level

Answer 21

Hypertrophy of cells

Hyperplasia of cells

Question 22

What kind of receptor does GH act on

Answer 22

Tyrosine Kinase

Question 23

What is the indirect effect of growth hormone

Answer 23

Growth of long bones mediated by IGF-1

Question 24

What is the direct effect of growth hormone

Answer 24

Regulation of metabolim

Question 25

What is IGF-1 also known as

Answer 25

Somatomedin C

Question 26

What is the effect of IGF-1

Answer 26

It stimulate the glucose uptake in muscles and bone

Question 27

Are blood glucose levels affected by the effect of IGF-1

Answer 27

NO - the reduce in blood glucose is counteracted by the effects of GH on the liver (increased glucose synthesis)

Question 28

What inhibits the release of GH

Answer 28

IGF-1 acts on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to stop GH release GH also directly inhibits its own release when levels get too high.

Question 29

What secretes IGF-1

Answer 29

The liver (mostly)

Question 30

How are GH and IGF-1 transported in the blood

Answer 30

Partly bound to carrier molecules

Question 31

What % of GH and IGF-1 are carried on blood bound carrier protiens

Answer 31

50%

Question 32

What is the advantage of GH and IGF-1 being transported on blood bound carrier proteins

Answer 32

it prevents their degradation (extends half life) | It helps smooth out the effects of their erratic release pattern

Question 33

How does GH regulate metabolism

Answer 33

Increases blood glucose levels (increased gluconeogenesis by liver) Increase AA uptake by cells

Question 34

What does GH do to adipocytes

Answer 34

Makes them more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli

Question 35

At what time of day is the most GH released

Answer 35

During the first 2 hours of sleep (since general energy requirements are low)

Question 36

How many times more GH is released in sleep than during day in children

Answer 36

20x

Question 37

What time of day is most IGF-1 released

Answer 37

Its fairly constant throughout the day

Question 38

Why is IGF-1 released more consistently during the day

Answer 38

It binds more tightly to carrier proteins than GH making it less vulnerable to degradation.

Question 39

What stimulus increase GHRH release

Answer 39

Increased protein in the blood Actual or potential energy in energy supply to cell - exercise/cold - fasting / hypoglycaemia - physical stress/illness (might be stunted by cortisol) Delta sleep Oestrogen/testosterone

Question 40

How does Oestrogen or Testosterone increased GH

Answer 40

Stimulate GH release from pituitary directly | Decreases IGF-1 mediated negative feedback

Question 41

What stimulus increases GHIH secretion

Answer 41

Increased blood glucose Increased Blood FFA Ageing Cortisol