Pancreas

Question 1

What is leptin

Answer 1

A hormone released by fat stores which depresses feeding activity

Question 2

What is the normal range of blood glucose

Answer 2

4.6-6.3mM (80-120mg/dl)

Question 3

What do alpha cells produce

Answer 3

Glucagon

Question 4

what do Beta cells prduce

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

What do gamme cells prduce

Answer 5

Somatostatin

Question 6

What do F cells produce

Answer 6

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 7

What stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 7

Glucose and amino acids

Question 8

What often happens to excess protein

Answer 8

Stored as fat

Question 9

What receptor type does insulin bind to

Answer 9

Tyrosine kinase

Question 10

Where are GLUT-1 receptors typically found

Answer 10

Brain, kidney and red blood cells

Question 11

Where are GLUT-2 receptors typically found

Answer 11

B-cells of pancreas and liver

Question 12

What important ion channel plays a big role in insulin release

Answer 12

K+ atp channel

Question 13

Where are GLUT-3 receptors typically found

Answer 13

Widespread

Question 14

What enzymes does insulin activate/inhibit to alter glycogen stores

Answer 14

Activate - glycogen synthase

Inhibit - glycogen phosphorylase

Question 15

What does insulin do in the liver?

Answer 15

inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 16

What are the stimuli for insulin release

Answer 16

Increased BG
Increased AA
Glucagon  (say why) 
Incretin hormone (gastrin, CCK, GLP-1, GIP) 
Vagal nerve activity

Question 17

What inhibits insulin release

Answer 17

Low BG
Somatostatin
Sympathetic effects
Stress (hypoxia)

Question 18

Half life of insulin and where is it degraded

Answer 18

5 mins

liver and kidneys

Question 19

What destroys the insulin receptors

Answer 19

Insulin protease

Question 20

What glucose receptors does the liver have

Answer 20

Glut-2

Question 21

Does insulin effect the glucose uptake by the liver

Answer 21

Yes - it enhances it but the tissue does not need it

Question 22

What are the glucose counter-regulatory hormones

Answer 22

Glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone

Question 23

What are the receptors for glucagon

Answer 23

Adenylate cyclase (g protein)

Question 24

What are the 3 big effects fo glucagon

Answer 24

Increased glycogenolysis
Increased gluconeogensis
Formation of ketones

Question 25

What effects does high levels of AA have on glucagon and why

Answer 25

increases it because if it didn't then the insulin released because of the high AA content would take all the glucose aswell and the person would become hypoglycaemic

Question 26

What are the stimulus that increases glucagon release

Answer 26

``` Low BG High AA sympathetic innervation and epinephrine Cortisol Stress (exercise/infection) Parasymphathetic (but less than insulin) ```

Question 27

what are stimuli that inhibit glucagon release

Answer 27

High glucose FFA ketones Somatostatin and Insulin

Question 28

What does epinephrine promote

Answer 28

Muscle glycogenolysis Liver glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis lipolysis

Question 29

What does cortisol promote

Answer 29

gluconeogenesis (using AA from protein catabolism) Inhibition of glucose uptake lipolysis protein catabolism

Question 30

What does GH promote

Answer 30

Gluconeogenesis inhibition of glucose uptake Lipolysis

Question 31

What is the main pancreatic function of somatostatin

Answer 31

Slows down absorption of nutrients to prevent exaggerated peaks in plasma concentrations

Question 32

What effect does somatostatin have on glucagon and insulin

Answer 32

Strongly suppresses them