Growth And Develeopment

Question 1

Growth definition

Answer 1

Increase in body weight
Increase in cell size and numbers
Protein deposition
Increase in mass of structural tissue(bone, muscle, connective tissue)

Question 2

True or False: Growth is linear

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Development definition

Answer 3

Directive coordination of all processes until maturity is reached
Growth, cellular differentiation, and change in body shape/form

Question 4

Why are bodies developing sooner?

Answer 4

More fat is being consumed earlier than any point

Question 5

Criteria used to evaluate growth

Answer 5

Weight
Muscle
Fat

Question 6

How is weight evaluated?

Answer 6

Put into classes

Question 7

How is muscle evaluated?

Answer 7

Ultrasound images of loin or eye area

Question 8

How is Fat evaluated?

Answer 8

Intramuscular or marbling

Question 9

Three phases of prenatal life?

Answer 9

Sex cells
Embryo
Fetus

Question 10

Factors affecting prenatal development (6)

Answer 10

Heredity/ genotype
Maternal size and age
Nutrition
Large litters
Environment
Sex

Question 11

When does a fetus gain most of its weight?

Answer 11

Last trimester

Question 12

How does maternal age and size affect prenatal development?

Answer 12

Not as well nourished when around 5/6 years

Question 13

How does nutrition affect prenatal development?

Answer 13

Limiting diets I.e. not eating sushi

Question 14

How does sex affect prenatal development?

Answer 14

Males are bigger than females

Question 15

Epigenetic definition

Answer 15

Genetic signals that occur with nutrition
Rates of dystocia will go up if viable
(60% cause by fetus or mother weight)

Question 16

Embryological development definition

Answer 16

Spherical mass of cells differentiates into specific cell types and eventually into organs

Question 17

Embryological types(3)

Answer 17

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Question 18

What do endoderm cells/tissue develop into?

Answer 18

Digestive tract
Lungs
Bladder

Question 19

What do mesoderm tissues/ cells develop into?

Answer 19

Skeleton
skeletal muscle
connective tissue

Question 20

What do ectoderm cells/ tissues develop into?

Answer 20

Skin
Hair
Brain
Spinal Cord(nervous system)

Question 21

Hyperplasia Definition

Answer 21

Increase in cell numbers
1st and 2nd trimester

Question 22

Hypertrophy definition

Answer 22

Increase in cell size
Last trimester and postnatal growth

Question 23

What percentage does birth weight represent compared to mature weight?

Answer 23

5-7%

Question 24

How many Stages of Parturition

Answer 24

3

Question 25

1st stage of parturition

Answer 25

Preparation

Question 26

What happens in preparation(1st stage of part)

Answer 26

Uterine contractions Force fetal fluids, membrane against cervix Cervix dilates

Question 27

2nd stage of parturition

Answer 27

Expulsion of fetus

Question 28

What happens with the expulsion of fetus(2nd stage of part)

Answer 28

Violent contractions of myometrium, diaphragm, abdominal muscles

Question 29

What’s the 3rd stage of parturition?

Answer 29

Expulsion of placenta

Question 30

What happens with a sows placenta?

Answer 30

Sometimes will be shed with each delivery of piglet then remainder at the end

Question 31

Freemartin definition

Answer 31

Occurs in females born twin to a male

Question 32

Are freemartins fertile?

Answer 32

No. They’re infertile

Question 33

What do the heifer and bull share?

Answer 33

Blood Antigens Transfer of hormones from male to female

Question 34

What percentage of pregnancies involving a male will be freemartin?

Answer 34

90-95%

Question 35

What are tissues?

Answer 35

Specialized groups of cells that function together

Question 36

What are the three types of tissues?

Answer 36

Muscle Nerves Connective or epithelial

Question 37

What are the nutrients for tissue development? (5)

Answer 37

Nerve tissue Bone Vital organs Muscle Fat

Question 38

Why might muscle growth be stunted?

Answer 38

Nutrients are sent to other locations

Question 39

When does true growth cease?

Answer 39

When animal reaches maturity

Question 40

What happens when animal approaches maturity?

Answer 40

Growth declines

Question 41

What is the composition of a superior carcass?

Answer 41

Less bone More muscle Optimum fat

Question 42

What are the five characteristics of the inflection point?

Answer 42

Function of frame size Muscle increases at a decreasing weight Growth rate decreases Fat increases at an increasing rate Feed conversion ratio increases at an increasing rate

Question 43

What is the end of development?

Answer 43

Fattening

Question 44

1 inch of width is equal to how many pounds?

Answer 44

150

Question 45

1 inch of height is equal to how many pounds?

Answer 45

50

Question 46

What is the frame size of a cow measured from?

Answer 46

1-9

Question 47

What is optimal frame size number for cow?

Answer 47

7

Question 48

What is fattening?

Answer 48

Function of nutrient allocation as well as maturity

Question 49

What is subcutaneous fat?

Answer 49

Back fat Deposited under the skin

Question 50

What is intermuscular fat?

Answer 50

Seam Skeletal Deposited between muscles

Question 51

What is KPH or mesenteric fat?

Answer 51

Deposited in abdominal cavity, around kidneys, and other internal organs

Question 52

What does KPH stand for?

Answer 52

Kidney Pelvic Heart

Question 53

What is intramuscular fat?

Answer 53

Marbling Skeletal Deposited within the muscles Important factor in meat palatability

Question 54

True or False: beef has more subcutaneous fat?

Answer 54

False. They have more intermuscular

Question 55

What species has the lowest intramuscular fat?

Answer 55

Lambs

Question 56

Highest lean to fat ratio

Answer 56

Intact males

Question 57

Lowest lean to fat ratio

Answer 57

Young females

Question 58

What happens to dressing percentage as muscle and fat increase

Answer 58

It increases

Question 59

What happens to bone as muscle and fat increase

Answer 59

It decreases

Question 60

What will happen with an excess amount of fat on udder

Answer 60

Diminishes milk capacities