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PEDIATRICS > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth

A

Increase in physical size, linear and weight, neurological

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2
Q

Development

A

Increase in capacity or function

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3
Q

UNIQUE

A
  • Variations in age
  • Influences on development
  • Rate of growth varies
  • Growth is cephocaudal and proximodistal
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4
Q

Cephacaudal growth

A

Gradual change in head size compared to body size during human growth

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5
Q

Body Mass Index for Age

A
  • Assess underweight, overweight, and at risk for overweight
  • Used for ages 2 to 20 years of age
  • Is gender and age specific
  • BMI decreases during preschool years and increases to adulthood
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6
Q

Calculating BMI

A 
( weight in lbs )
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x703
        (height in in.) x (height in in.)   
                           or
                   (weight in kg) 
     \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x10,000
      (height in cm) x (height in cm)
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7
Q

Underweight

A

Less than the 5th percentile

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8
Q

Healthy Weight

A

5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile

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9
Q

Overweight

A

85th to less than 95th percentile

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10
Q

Obese

A

Equal to or greater than the 95th percentile

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11
Q

Why is BMI for age a useful tool?

A
  • It provides a reference that can be useful beyond puberty
  • It compares well to lab measurements of body fat
  • It can be used to track body size throughout life
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12
Q

Infancy: Newborn

A

Birth to 1 month

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13
Q

Infancy: Growth (weight, length)

A

Weight = 2700-4000 g (6-9lbs) gains about 5-7 oz/week for 6 months

Length = 48-53cm (19-21 in.) increases 2.5cm/mth. first 6 months

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14
Q

Infancy: Growth (head and chest circumference)

A

Head circumference = 33-35cm increases 2 cm/month first 3 months, than 1 cm/month until 6 months of age

Chest circumference = 2-3cm less than head circumference

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15
Q

Infancy: gross motor

A

may lift head if prone

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16
Q

Infancy: fine motor

A

hold hands in fist

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17
Q

Infancy: sensory

A

prefers faces, follows line of vision

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18
Q

Fontaneles

A

Anterior fontanelle

Posterior fontanelle

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19
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Toes splay and curl out = POSITIVE babinski

Disappears after 18 months

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20
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Extension and abduction of extremities when change in equilibrium; disappears 3-4 months

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21
Q

Tonic Neck Reflex

A

Help roll over and disappears around the time they start to roll from back to belly

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22
Q

Dance reflex

A

stepping reflex; disappears around 4-8 weeks

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23
Q

Crawling reflex

A

if put on belly, will move arms and legs

Disappear at about 6 weeks of age

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24
Q

Nutrition (Bottle and breastfeeding)

A

Bottle 60-90cc every 2-3 hours

Breastfeeding every 2-3 hours on demand

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25
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = growth

A

Same as infant, posterior fontanelles close

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26
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = gross motor

A

decrease head lag, sitting

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27
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = fine motor

A

holds rattle, plays with fingers, object to mouth

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28
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = Sensory

A

turns head to voices

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29
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = nutrition

A

every 3-4 hours

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30
Q

Infant 2-4 MONTHS = Language

A

“coo”, girgle or laugh

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31
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = growth

A

doubles in birth weight

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32
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = gross motor

A

no head lag, rolling over, crawling
Belly to back = 4 months
Back to belly = 6 months

33
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = fine motor

A

palmar grasp, manipulates objects

34
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = nutrition

A

baby food, weaning

35
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = Sensory

A

Separation anxiety

36
Q

Infant 4-6 Months = Nutrition

A

Solids at 6 months, weaning

Cereal, rice, barley

37
Q

Infant 4-6 months = Sensory

A

Separation Anxiety

38
Q

Nutrition (teeth)

A

Teeth erupting by 6 months
Introduce food 4-7 days
Never mix in a bottle

39
Q

6-8 Months – GROWTH

A

Decrease rate

40
Q

6-8 Months = Gross motor

A

Sitting at 8 months of age without hands

41
Q

6-8 Months = Fine motor

A

Transfers objects, crude pincer grasp, bangs objects

42
Q

6-8 Months = sensory

A

Stranger anxiety, responds to name

43
Q

6-8 Months = Nutrition

A

Fruits and veggies, juice from a cup

44
Q

6-8 Months = Language

A

da-da - imitate sounds

45
Q

8-10 months = growth

A

same as 6-8 months, decrease

46
Q

8-10 months: gross motor

A

creeping, pulls to standing, sits alone

47
Q

8-10 months: fine motor

A

pincer grasp, small objects

48
Q

8-10 months: Sensory

A

object permanence

cognitive development

49
Q

8-10 months: Nutrition

A

Finger foods, cereal, cut up chicken SMALL

50
Q

8-10 months: Language

A

Understands no, simple disciplining

51
Q

10-12 months: growth

A

HC=CC, triples BW

6-8 teeth by first birthday

52
Q

10-12 months: gross motor

A

Stands, sits from standing, walks holding on

53
Q

10-12 months: fine motor

A

holds crayons, builds tower

54
Q

10-12 months: sensory

A

Peek a boo; patty cake

55
Q

10-12 months: nutrition

A

feeds self with spoon, soft table foods

56
Q

10-12 months: language

A

3-5 words, understands mama and dada

57
Q

Piaget - cognitive development

A

Cognitive development is a sequential, orderly process where a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop

58
Q

ERIKSON – PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Developed his theory from Freud’s theory of development
  • Development across the life span
  • Levels of achievement
  • Each stage has a developmental task which must be achieved at some level
  • The greater the task achievement, the healthier the personality
  • Failure to achieve the task affects the individual’s ability to achieve the next task
59
Q

Erickson vs. Piaget

Birth to 2 years

A 
Erickson = Trust vs. mistrust
Piaget = sensorimotor birth to 2 years -- learns about world by input  obtained through sense and motor activity
60
Q

Toddler (1-3 years) GROWTH

A
  • Slows down
  • BW quadrupled
  • 1/2 adult height
  • Chest circumference > head circumference
  • Elongation of legs (torso)
  • Pot bellied appearance
  • Anterior fontanel closes at 18 months of age
61
Q

Toddler 1-3 years
Gross motor
Fine motor

A 
Gross = locomotion
Fine = scribbles, tower of blocks
62
Q

Toddler 1-3 years
Nutrition
Language

A

Nutrition = physiological anorexia (16-24 oz of milk)
Language = increase comprehension
- Egocentric, multi word phrases

63
Q

Toddler 1-3 years
Play
Toilet

A

Play = parallel play
Toilet 18-24 months
Toilet training normal 4-5; after 5 years old need to look into things further

64
Q

Toddler Developmental Theories

Piaget

A 
Sensorimotor to preoperational
Understanding cause and effect
Object permanence 
Less fearful of strangers
Imitation 
Concept of time
65
Q

Toddler Developmental Theories

Erickson

A 
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Increased ability to control bodies and environment
Holding on/letting go
Rituals
No - temper tantrums
Need constant limit setting
66
Q

Preschool (3-5 years)
Growth
Gross
Fine

A

Growth: weight slows down, growth in long bones
Gross: more coordinated
Fine: scissors, draws circle, square, 6-part person, buttons cloths

67
Q

Preschool (3-5 years)
Nutrition
Language
Sleep

A

3 meals and 2 snacks
2000 words, complete sentences - take everything literally**
Sleep = ritualistic, transition objects (security, toys, blankets that they take everywhere)

68
Q

Preschool (3-5 years)
Temperament
Body Image

A

Temperament: gain control of strong inner impulses

Body Image: modesty and fear of mutilation; teach about appropriate and inappropriate touching

69
Q

Types of PLAY

A 
Association 
Dramatic
Cooperative
Solitary
Cannot separate reality and fantasy
70
Q

Preschool Language

A

2000 words, complete sentences, everything is taken literally
3 years mostly talk to themselves, toys, pets
4 years - words to transmit information other than feelings and own needs, can begin to pick up language and speech delays

71
Q

PIAGET vs. ERICKSON – preschool

A 
Piaget = preoperational and magical thinking
Erickson = initiative vs. guilt, satisfaction in accomplishments (praise and punishment)
72
Q

School age - 6-12 years

Growth

A

Last period in which boys and girls are close in proportions
Mature immune system
Increase in LENGTH and decrease in weight (get thinner and longer)
Increase muscle development
Jaw changes

73
Q 
School age - 6-12 years
Gross
Social
Teeth
Nutrition
Sleep
A

Activities requiring balance and strength
School, peers, body image
Adult teeth come in and baby teeth fall out –> jaw changes (about 26/28 adult teeth)
Food pyramid, peer pressure, fast food (eating disorders can start here
Sleep - pre-adolescent growth spurt – increase sleep

74
Q

School 6-12

Piaget vs. Erickson

A 
Piaget = concrete operational
Conservation = general science, matter doesn't change even if form changes 
Reversibility = math and trace back steps, can walk home from school
Classification = groups things according to what they have in common, collections

Erickson = Industry vs. Inferiority
self esteem; feedback, expectations
Fail in one, can succeed in the other

75
Q

Adolescence 12-21 years

Early, middle, late

A

Early 12-14
Middle 15-17 (most turbulent)
Late 18-21

76
Q

TANNER GIRLS

A

Prepubertal growth at age 10

Stage 1 = thelarche breast development – 1 year after pre-pubertal growth started
Stage 2 = Adrenarche - pubic hair; 2-6 months after thelarache
Stage 3 = menarche - menses; 2 years after thelarche
Minimal linear growth left
May be irregular the first year

Delayed = no thelarche by 13 or no menarche 4 years after thelarche

77
Q

TANNER BOYS

A

pre-pubertal growth at age 13

Stage 1 = testicular enlargement (9.5-13.5)
Thinning and reddening of scrotum
Start to have pubic hair

Stage 2 = changes in voice, facial and axillary hair, increase in acne, increase in muscle mass, penile enlargement

Stage 3 = increase in axillary and facial hair, first ejaculation

DELAYED = nothing by age 14

78
Q

Adolescence

Piaget vs. Erickson

A

Piaget = formal operational, abstract thinking, increased decision making, adductive and deductive reasoning, no pre-frontal until 24

Erickson = identity vs. role confusion, peers more important than family, good parental relationships**

PEDIATRICS (5 decks)

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