Growth and Development Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Growth
A
Increase in physical size, linear and weight, neurological
2
Q
Development
A
Increase in capacity or function
3
Q
UNIQUE
A
- Variations in age
- Influences on development
- Rate of growth varies
- Growth is cephocaudal and proximodistal
4
Q
Cephacaudal growth
A
Gradual change in head size compared to body size during human growth
5
Q
Body Mass Index for Age
A
- Assess underweight, overweight, and at risk for overweight
- Used for ages 2 to 20 years of age
- Is gender and age specific
- BMI decreases during preschool years and increases to adulthood
6
Q
Calculating BMI
A
( weight in lbs )
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x703
(height in in.) x (height in in.)
or
(weight in kg)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x10,000
(height in cm) x (height in cm)
7
Q
Underweight
A
Less than the 5th percentile
8
Q
Healthy Weight
A
5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile
9
Q
Overweight
A
85th to less than 95th percentile
10
Q
Obese
A
Equal to or greater than the 95th percentile
11
Q
Why is BMI for age a useful tool?
A
- It provides a reference that can be useful beyond puberty
- It compares well to lab measurements of body fat
- It can be used to track body size throughout life
12
Q
Infancy: Newborn
A
Birth to 1 month
13
Q
Infancy: Growth (weight, length)
A
Weight = 2700-4000 g (6-9lbs) gains about 5-7 oz/week for 6 months
Length = 48-53cm (19-21 in.) increases 2.5cm/mth. first 6 months
14
Q
Infancy: Growth (head and chest circumference)
A
Head circumference = 33-35cm increases 2 cm/month first 3 months, than 1 cm/month until 6 months of age
Chest circumference = 2-3cm less than head circumference
15
Q
Infancy: gross motor
A
may lift head if prone
16
Q
Infancy: fine motor
A
hold hands in fist
17
Q
Infancy: sensory
A
prefers faces, follows line of vision
18
Q
Fontaneles
A
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
19
Q
Babinski Reflex
A
Toes splay and curl out = POSITIVE babinski
Disappears after 18 months
20
Q
Moro Reflex
A
Extension and abduction of extremities when change in equilibrium; disappears 3-4 months
21
Q
Tonic Neck Reflex
A
Help roll over and disappears around the time they start to roll from back to belly
22
Q
Dance reflex
A
stepping reflex; disappears around 4-8 weeks
23
Q
Crawling reflex
A
if put on belly, will move arms and legs
Disappear at about 6 weeks of age
24
Q
Nutrition (Bottle and breastfeeding)
A
Bottle 60-90cc every 2-3 hours
Breastfeeding every 2-3 hours on demand
25
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = growth
Same as infant, posterior fontanelles close
26
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = gross motor
decrease head lag, sitting
27
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = fine motor
holds rattle, plays with fingers, object to mouth
28
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = Sensory
turns head to voices
29
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = nutrition
every 3-4 hours
30
Infant 2-4 MONTHS = Language
"coo", girgle or laugh
31
Infant 4-6 Months = growth
doubles in birth weight
32
Infant 4-6 Months = gross motor
no head lag, rolling over, crawling
Belly to back = 4 months
Back to belly = 6 months
33
Infant 4-6 Months = fine motor
palmar grasp, manipulates objects
34
Infant 4-6 Months = nutrition
baby food, weaning
35
Infant 4-6 Months = Sensory
Separation anxiety
36
Infant 4-6 Months = Nutrition
Solids at 6 months, weaning
| Cereal, rice, barley
37
Infant 4-6 months = Sensory
Separation Anxiety
38
Nutrition (teeth)
Teeth erupting by 6 months
Introduce food 4-7 days
Never mix in a bottle
39
6-8 Months -- GROWTH
Decrease rate
40
6-8 Months = Gross motor
Sitting at 8 months of age without hands
41
6-8 Months = Fine motor
Transfers objects, crude pincer grasp, bangs objects
42
6-8 Months = sensory
Stranger anxiety, responds to name
43
6-8 Months = Nutrition
Fruits and veggies, juice from a cup
44
6-8 Months = Language
da-da - imitate sounds
45
8-10 months = growth
same as 6-8 months, decrease
46
8-10 months: gross motor
creeping, pulls to standing, sits alone
47
8-10 months: fine motor
pincer grasp, small objects
48
8-10 months: Sensory
object permanence
| cognitive development
49
8-10 months: Nutrition
Finger foods, cereal, cut up chicken SMALL
50
8-10 months: Language
Understands no, simple disciplining
51
10-12 months: growth
HC=CC, triples BW
| 6-8 teeth by first birthday
52
10-12 months: gross motor
Stands, sits from standing, walks holding on
53
10-12 months: fine motor
holds crayons, builds tower
54
10-12 months: sensory
Peek a boo; patty cake
55
10-12 months: nutrition
feeds self with spoon, soft table foods
56
10-12 months: language
3-5 words, understands mama and dada
57
Piaget - cognitive development
Cognitive development is a sequential, orderly process where a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop
58
ERIKSON – PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
* Developed his theory from Freud’s theory of development
* Development across the life span
* Levels of achievement
* Each stage has a developmental task which must be achieved at some level
* The greater the task achievement, the healthier the personality
* Failure to achieve the task affects the individual’s ability to achieve the next task
59
Erickson vs. Piaget
| Birth to 2 years
```
Erickson = Trust vs. mistrust
Piaget = sensorimotor birth to 2 years -- learns about world by input obtained through sense and motor activity
```
60
Toddler (1-3 years) GROWTH
- Slows down
- BW quadrupled
- 1/2 adult height
- Chest circumference > head circumference
- Elongation of legs (torso)
- Pot bellied appearance
- Anterior fontanel closes at 18 months of age
61
Toddler 1-3 years
Gross motor
Fine motor
```
Gross = locomotion
Fine = scribbles, tower of blocks
```
62
Toddler 1-3 years
Nutrition
Language
Nutrition = physiological anorexia (16-24 oz of milk)
Language = increase comprehension
- Egocentric, multi word phrases
63
Toddler 1-3 years
Play
Toilet
Play = parallel play
Toilet 18-24 months
Toilet training normal 4-5; after 5 years old need to look into things further
64
Toddler Developmental Theories
| Piaget
```
Sensorimotor to preoperational
Understanding cause and effect
Object permanence
Less fearful of strangers
Imitation
Concept of time
```
65
Toddler Developmental Theories
| Erickson
```
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Increased ability to control bodies and environment
Holding on/letting go
Rituals
No - temper tantrums
Need constant limit setting
```
66
Preschool (3-5 years)
Growth
Gross
Fine
Growth: weight slows down, growth in long bones
Gross: more coordinated
Fine: scissors, draws circle, square, 6-part person, buttons cloths
67
Preschool (3-5 years)
Nutrition
Language
Sleep
3 meals and 2 snacks
2000 words, complete sentences - take everything literally**
Sleep = ritualistic, transition objects (security, toys, blankets that they take everywhere)
68
Preschool (3-5 years)
Temperament
Body Image
Temperament: gain control of strong inner impulses
| Body Image: modesty and fear of mutilation; teach about appropriate and inappropriate touching
69
Types of PLAY
```
Association
Dramatic
Cooperative
Solitary
Cannot separate reality and fantasy
```
70
Preschool Language
2000 words, complete sentences, everything is taken literally
3 years mostly talk to themselves, toys, pets
4 years - words to transmit information other than feelings and own needs, can begin to pick up language and speech delays
71
PIAGET vs. ERICKSON -- preschool
```
Piaget = preoperational and magical thinking
Erickson = initiative vs. guilt, satisfaction in accomplishments (praise and punishment)
```
72
School age - 6-12 years
| Growth
Last period in which boys and girls are close in proportions
Mature immune system
Increase in LENGTH and decrease in weight (get thinner and longer)
Increase muscle development
Jaw changes
73
```
School age - 6-12 years
Gross
Social
Teeth
Nutrition
Sleep
```
Activities requiring balance and strength
School, peers, body image
Adult teeth come in and baby teeth fall out --> jaw changes (about 26/28 adult teeth)
Food pyramid, peer pressure, fast food (eating disorders can start here
Sleep - pre-adolescent growth spurt -- increase sleep
74
School 6-12
| Piaget vs. Erickson
```
Piaget = concrete operational
Conservation = general science, matter doesn't change even if form changes
Reversibility = math and trace back steps, can walk home from school
Classification = groups things according to what they have in common, collections
```
Erickson = Industry vs. Inferiority
self esteem; feedback, expectations
Fail in one, can succeed in the other
75
Adolescence 12-21 years
| Early, middle, late
Early 12-14
Middle 15-17 (most turbulent)
Late 18-21
76
TANNER GIRLS
Prepubertal growth at age 10
Stage 1 = thelarche breast development -- 1 year after pre-pubertal growth started
Stage 2 = Adrenarche - pubic hair; 2-6 months after thelarache
Stage 3 = menarche - menses; 2 years after thelarche
Minimal linear growth left
May be irregular the first year
Delayed = no thelarche by 13 or no menarche 4 years after thelarche
77
TANNER BOYS
pre-pubertal growth at age 13
Stage 1 = testicular enlargement (9.5-13.5)
Thinning and reddening of scrotum
Start to have pubic hair
Stage 2 = changes in voice, facial and axillary hair, increase in acne, increase in muscle mass, penile enlargement
Stage 3 = increase in axillary and facial hair, first ejaculation
DELAYED = nothing by age 14
78
Adolescence
| Piaget vs. Erickson
Piaget = formal operational, abstract thinking, increased decision making, adductive and deductive reasoning, no pre-frontal until 24
Erickson = identity vs. role confusion, peers more important than family, good parental relationships**
