Growth and Development Flashcards
(42 cards)
what is the z-score/standard deviation score
number of standard deviation from the mean
when does a child show normal growth
Their measurements are within the normal range compared with children of their age
Their rate of growth is within the normal range compared with children of their age
how should babies be weighed
without any clothes or nappies
how should children older than 2 be weight
in vest and pants
but not in shoes or anything in their hands
rule for plotting on a growth chart
- record measurement and date in ink, plot in pencil
- use dot, do not join up
- age in weeks for first 6-12 months
- calendar months thereafter
what is a centile space
distance between two gentile lines
what is average age of girls entering puberty
11
what do we use to stage puberty
Tanner system
what are the stages of female puberty
Thelarche - breast budding
Adrenarche - body hair and odour
Menarche - periods start (usually 2 years post thelarche)
when is puberty considered delayed
the absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years
what are the principle of development
Continuous process
Maturation of nervous system - development is dependant on this
Sequence same but rate varies
Cephalocaudal direction - head to tail. Start with gaining head control and then trunk and then legs.
Generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements
what are the 4 areas of development
Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play
what are the milestones for gross motor development
Head control - 3 months Sitting balance - 6 months Crawling - 9 months Standing - 12 months Runs - 18 months Stairs – 2 feet/tread - 24 months Stairs – alternate feet - 36 months Hops - 48 months
what are the primitive reflects of motor development
Sucking and rooting (baby feels breast touch cheek, baby instinctively know to turn)
Palmar and plantar grasp (something placed on palm of hand or plantar of foot, fingers/toes will curl round)
ATNR (if head falls back, babies arm move to curl round as if to grab something)
Moro
Stepping and placing
what does ATNR stand for
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
what are the milestones for fine motor and vision
Hand regard in midline - 3 months Grasps toy - palmar - 6 months Scissor grasp - 9 months Pincer grasp - 12 months Tower of 3-4 bricks - 18 months Tower of 6-7/scribble - 24 months Tower of 9 bricks/copies circle - 36 months Draws simple man - 48 months
what are the milestone for hearing and language
Vocalises - 3 months
Babbles - 6 months
Imitates sounds - 9 months
Knows name - 12 months
2 body parts/5-20 words - 18 months
Simple instructions/50+ words - 24 months
Complex instructions/asks questions - 36 months
Can tell stories of experiences - 48 months
what are the milestones for social behaviour and play
Social smile - 6 weeks
Pleasure on friendly handling - 3 months
Plays with feet/friendly with strangers - 6 months
Plays peek-a-boo/stranger awareness - 9 months
Drinks from cup/waves bye-bye - 12 months
Feeds with spoon - 18 months
Symbolic play/puts on some clothes - 2 years
Pretend interactive play/toilet-trained - 3 years
Understands turn-taking/dresses fully - 4 years
what is the definition of developmental delay
Failure to attain appropriate developmental milestones for child’s corrected chronological age.
what are the patterns of abnormal development
Delay
- Global (delay in all 4 categories)
- Specific (delay in 1 category)
Deviation eg Autism Spectrum
Regression (loss of skill)
what are red flags for development
Asymmetry of movement Not reaching for objects by 6 months - could be a visual or motor problem Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months Unable to walk by 18 months No speech by 18 months Concerns re vision or hearing Loss of skills
what investigation should be done if a child cannot walk at 18 months
CK - muscle enzyme
could be DMD, CP, orthopaedic problem
what is criteria for global development delay
Significant delay in 2+ of
- gross/fine motor, speech/language,
- cognition, social/personal, ADL (daily living)
what is global development delay called in school age children
Learned disability
