Growth and Development Flashcards
How is growth achieved by cell growth specifically?
- An increase in cell number (hyperplasia)
- An increase in cell size (hypertrophy)
- An increased in intercellular substances (accretion)
What are the three life stages of growth and development?
- Prenatal
- Childhood
- Adulthood
What are the five systems that make up child development?
- Gross motor
- Fine motor and play
- Speech and language
- Cognition and learning
- Psychosocial and emotional
What factors can affect growth and development?
- Genes e.g. genetic disorders
- Hormones e.g. growth hormone
- Nutrition e.g. failure to thrive
- Mechanical e.g. fractures, spasticity
- Environmental e.g. parenting
- Physical activity e.g. skill development
- Illness e.g. preventing early practice of skills
What three measurements do growth charts track?
- Height
- Weight
- Head circumference
What can a fall below the percentile line on a head circumference chart represent?
- Microcephaly: abnormal smallness of the head, usually associated with intellectual disability
- Cranial stenosis: premature closure of the cranial sutures
What can an increase above a percentile line on a head circumference chart represent?
Hydrocephalus: increased CSF resulting in dilation of the ventricles and raised intracranial pressure.
If left untreated, but does hydrocephalus cause?
Results in corticol atrophy and related cognitive and functional impairment.
When are children approximately half of their adult height?
Two years of age
In what pattern does musculoskeletal growth occur in childhood and adolescence?
Distal to proximal
What are the defined periods of most rapid growth, for females and males?
Females: starts 8-10, peaks 11-12 years of age
Males: starts 10-12, peaks 13-14 years of age
What age range do growth charts generally cover?
2 - 18 years of age
What are the four types of growth plates in bones?
- Long bone epiphysis
- Ring epiphysis e.g. carpal bone
- Apophysis e.g. iliac crest
- Traction apophysis e.g. muscle action on bone
What are the contribution of bone growth from proximal/distal ends for the three main bones of the arm and leg?
Humerus: 80/20% Radius: 25/75% Ulna: 20/80% Femur: 30/70% Tibia: 55/45% Fibular: 60/40%
What three joints have the highest contribution to growth?
Shoulder, wrist and knee (bath tub position)
How is skeletal age determined?
Determined by an x-ray of the hand & wrist, to compare amount of cartilage to bone development of the carpal bones relative to reference data for health children.
What is the Risser sign?
It is the extent of ossification of the iliac crest apophysis that is used to indirectly assess the skeletal maturation of the spine in patients with scoliosis.
What are the five grades of the Risser sign?
Grade 1: ilium is calcified at a level of 25% (corresponds to prepuberty or early puberty)
Grade 2: 50% (before or during growth spurt)
Grade 3: 75% (slowing of growth)
Grade 4: 100% (almost cessation of growth)
Grade 5: 100% and the iliac apophysis is fused to iliac crest (end of growth)
What is Osgood Schlatter’s syndrome and when does it occur?
Inflammation of the growth centre (apophysis) that forms the tibial tubercle, occurring during peak height velocity.
What is the Salter-Harris classification and how many classification levels does it involve?
System used to classify growth plate injuries
What are the Salter Harris classification levels and what do they involve?
- Avulsion or shearing fracture - good prognosis as growing cells are undisturbed. Resting cartilage cells are fractured.
- Fracture passes through the metaphysis into the epiphyseal plate, but no fracture into the epiphysis.
- Fracture passes through epiphysis into the articular surface.
- Fracture through the epiphysis, physis and metaphysis.
- Compression or crush injury of the epiphyseal plate with no associated epiphyseal or metaphyseal fractures.
What are the four main phases of neuromuscular development?
- Axonal outgrowth
- Myogenesis
- Synaptogenesis
- Synapse elimination
What occurs during axonal outgrowth in neuromuscular development?
Axons from motor neuron cell bodies grow out to innervate the myotome region of the somite.
What is myogenesis and how does it occur?
Myogenesis is the formation of muscle cells. Muscle tissue develops from mesoderm when mesoblasts differentiate into myoblasts.
