Growth & Development Flashcards

Question

GI System Maturation in the Newborn & Infant: Teeth

Answer 1

Vast majority of newborns do not have teeth at birth, nor do they develop them in the first month of life. On average, the first primary teeth begin to erupt between the ages of 6 and 8 months Primary teeth are lost later in childhood and will be replaced by the permanent teeth. - Gums around the emerging tooth often swell. The lower central incisors are usually the first to appear, followed by the upper central incisors The average 12-month-old has 4-8 teeth

Answer 2

Small amounts of saliva are present for the first 3 months of life - Ptyalin is present only in small amounts in the saliva Stomach: Capacity is relatively small at birth, holding about one half to 1 oz. - By 1 year of age, the stomach can accommodate three full meals and several snacks per day Amylase (needed for complex carbohydrate digestion) and lipase (essential for appropriate fat digestion) are both deficient in the infant and do not reach adult levels until about 5 months of age Liver is immature at birth

Answer 3

Meconium: 1st stool, result of digestion of amniotic fluid swallowed in utero - Dark green to black - Sticky In the first few days of life, the stools become yellowish or tan Formula-Fed: Consistency of peanut butter Breast-Fed: Loose in texture, "seedy" Iron Supplements: Black or very dark green stool Newborns have as many as 8-10 stool/day or 1 stool every day or two Infrequent stooling is considered normal if the BM remains soft Newborns and young infants often grunt, strain, or cry while attempting to have a BM

Answer 4

Infant total-body water is greater percentage weight than an adult. Infants frequently urinate. Urine has low specific gravity (low concentration). Higher risk of dehydration

Answer 5

In utero, the infant is covered with vernix caseosa, which protects the developing infant’s skin - Vernix production stops at birth - Early Gestational Age: Infant is covered in vernix - Late Gestational Age: Vernix may be found in the folds of the skin, axilla, and groin areas Lanugo (fine downy hair) covers the body Acrocyanosis: Blueness of hands & feet - Decreases over the first few days of life - Central cyanosis: blueness to the face, mouth or torso is always CONCERNING!!

Answer 6

Physiological Anemia of Infnacy: Erythrocyte production decreases significantly, resulting in a relatively low hemoglobin and hematocrit around 2 to 3 months of age During the last 3 months of gestation, maternal iron stores are transferred to the fetus. - Healthy newborns typically have sufficient iron stores at birth As the high hemoglobin concentration of the newborn decreases over the first 2 to 3 months, iron is reclaimed and stored. - Stores may be sufficient for the first 6 to 9 months of life but will become depleted if iron supplementation does not occur

Answer 7

Newborns receive IgG from mothers - Confers immunity during the first 3 to 6 months of life for antigens to which the mother was previously exposed Fever for infant is 100.4 F (gets full sepsis workup)

Answer 8

Infant: 1- 12 months Toddler: 1-3 years Preschooler: 3-6 years School Age: 6 years-12 years Adolescent: 12- 20 years

Answer 9

Physical Growth: Grow very rapidly in 1st 12 months of life - Wt, lt, & Head circumference are closely monitored - Simple to Complex Body Systems: - Many body systems are immature at birth Gross & Fine Motor: - GROSS motor skill develop in Cephalocaudal Fashion - FINE motor skills develop in Proximodistal fashion Learning: - Psychosocial and cognitive - Language and communication - Social/emotional domains

Answer 10

Brief assessment that identifies children who warrant more intensive assessment and testing NOT A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL!!! Used as early step to identify developmental tasks the child can perform

Answer 11

Use infants adjusted age to determine expected outcomes How to Determine Adjusted Age: Subtract the number of weeks the infant was premature from the infant’s chronological age Plot growth parameters & assess developmental milestones based on age

Answer 12

Adjusted Age: 3 months 1) Subtract 3 months from his chronologic age of 6 months 6 months-3 months = 3 months

Answer 13

Adjusted Age: 2 months 1) Subtract the number of weeks the infant was premature from the infant’s chronological age 2) Subtract 2 months from his chronologic age of 4 months 4 months-2 months = 2 months

Answer 14

Erikson's: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - 1 yr) - Trust: Infant's needs are being consistently met - Mistrust: Caregiver is inconsistent in meeting the infant's needs in a timely manner Piaget's: Sensorimotor (Birth- 2 years) - Infant uses senses and motor skills to learn about the world. - Object permanence - Purposeful movements - Symbols and events begin to become associated: Imitate gestures

Answer 15

If an object is hidden from the infant’s sight, he or she will search for it in the last place it was seen, knowing it still exist Begins to develop between 4 and 7 months of age and is solidified by about 8 months of age Vital in developing self-image - By age 12 months, the infant knows he or she is separate from the parent or caregiver - Self-image is also promoted through the use of mirrors. By 12 months of age, infants can recognize themselves in the mirror

Answer 16

Develop Cephalocaudally Head: (1 month) Lifts Head to side when prone Shoulders: - 2 months: Raises head and chest, improved head control. - 4 months: Lifts head and looks around. Rolls from prone to supine. - 5 months: Rolls from supine to prone and back again. Sits with back upright when supported - 6 months: Tripod sits - 8 months: Sits unsupported Knees: 9 months: Crawls, abdomen off floor Toes: - 10 months: Pulls to stand, Cruises - 12 months Sits from standing position, Walks independently

Answer 17

From head to tail

Answer 18

Develops in a proximodistal fashion 1 month: Fists mostly clenched, Involuntary hand movements 3 months: Holds hand in front of face, hands open 4 months: Bats at objects 5 months: Grasps rattle 6 months: Releases object in hand to take another 7 months: Transfers object from one hand to the other 8 months: Gross pincer grasp (rakes) 9 months: Bangs objects together 10 months: Fine pincer grasp, Puts objects into container and takes them out 11 months: