Growth & Development: Infancy

Question 1

growth

Answer 1

an increase in physical size or any parts. measured in kg, pounds, inches, cm

Question 2

development

Answer 2

continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and eventual patterns of behavior. measured by observations

Question 3

cephalocaudal

Answer 3

head/head control develops first

Question 4

proximodistal

Answer 4

gain control from near–> far (core/neck)

Question 5

differentiation

Answer 5

gross before fine (simple–>complex)

Question 6

directional trends

Answer 6

cephalocaudal, proximodistal, differentiation

Question 7

sequential trends

Answer 7

stages, critical periods, positive and negative stimuli

Question 8

factors influencing development

Answer 8

genetics, nutrition, prenatal & environmental factors, family & community, cultural factors

Question 9

prenatal period: germinal

Answer 9

conception to 2 weeks

Question 10

prenatal period: embryonic

Answer 10

2-8 weeks

Question 11

prenatal period: fetal

Answer 11

8 weeks-40 weeks (birth)

Question 12

infancy: neonatal

Answer 12

birth-28 days

Question 13

infancy

Answer 13

1 month-12 months or 0-1 year

Question 14

early childhood: toddler

Answer 14

1-2 years

Question 15

early childhood: preschooler

Answer 15

3-6 years

Question 16

middle childhood (school age)

Answer 16

6-12 years

Question 17

late childhood

Answer 17

13-18 years

Question 18

late childhood: prepubertal

Answer 18

10-12 years

Question 19

late childhood: adolescence

Answer 19

13-18 years

Question 20

anticipatory guidance

Answer 20

knowing what to expect/teach at certain age groups

Question 21

infant weight

Answer 21

-10% initial loss after birth
-rapid growth: about 1 oz per day until 6M
-doubles weight by 6M; triples by 1 year

Question 22

infant height

Answer 22

-increases 1 inch/month until 6M
-increased height by 50% by 1 year

Question 23

infant head

Answer 23

-0.5 inches/M for first 6M
-closure of fontanelles (cannot use fontanelle for assessment if closed)

Question 24

infants lose weight initially after birth as a result of

Answer 24

-withdrawal of hormones from mother
-loss of excessive extra cellular fluid
-passage of feces and urine
-limited food intake

Question 25

infant respiratory

Answer 25

abdominal breathers, rate slows from 30-60/min at birth to 20-30/min at 1 year

Question 26

infant heart

Answer 26

rate slows, paradoxical patterns increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration (newborn 120-160, 1 year 100-120)

Question 27

infant BP

Answer 27

fluctuates but generally systolic pressure rises as left ventricle becomes a better pump (newborn 80/40, 1 year 100/60)

Question 28

hemopoietic system

Answer 28

fetal hemoglobin is present for first 5 months (shorter lifespan of RBCs), a physiologic anemia may occur

Question 29

digestive system

Answer 29

immature at birth and majority do not begin to function until around 3M

Question 30

maturation of systems

Answer 30

drooling common bc of poorly coordinated swallow reflec, amylase and lipase not functioning until 4-6M, solid food not well tolerated-not broken down

Question 31

coordination of sucking, swallowing, and eruption of teeth prepares child for eating solid foods around how many months

Answer 31

4-6M

Question 32

kidneys immature

Answer 32

inability to concentrate urine

Question 33

total body fluid

Answer 33

shift occurs from 75% water at birth, primarily in shift of ECF, the proportion of fluid makes infants very prone to serious effects from dehydration

Question 34

endocrine system

Answer 34

immature functioning, makes very vulnerable to f & e imbalances, glucose concentration and a.a metabolism and stress

Question 35

thermoregulation

Answer 35

ability to shiver develops over first few months, adipose tissue develops, adjust to cold by 6M

Question 36

vision birth to 1 M

Answer 36

follows object to midline, can see 8-10 inches away

Question 37

vision 2 M

Answer 37

lift and look

Question 38

vision 3 M

Answer 38

interested in faces; begins to associate visual stimuli and event

Question 39

vision 4 M

Answer 39

hand regard; follows past midline; recognizes familiar objects; follows parents

Question 40

vision 6 M

Answer 40

directed reach; depth perception

Question 41

vision 10 M

Answer 41

object permanence

Question 42

hearing at birth

Answer 42

discrimination to mother's voice

Question 43

hearing 3-6M

Answer 43

localizes sound; begins to understand few words

Question 44

hearing 6-12 M

Answer 44

says first meaningful word

Question 45

hearing 12 M

Answer 45

hears and follow simple command

Question 46

tooth eruption

Answer 46

first deciduous tooth by 5-6 M

Question 47

taste

Answer 47

well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted while sweet fluids are accepted

Question 48

head control 1 M

Answer 48

marked head lag

Question 49

head control 3 M

Answer 49

can hold head up

Question 50

head control 4-6 M

Answer 50

well established head control

Question 51

rolls from belly to back

Answer 51

5 M

Question 52

rolls from back to belly

Answer 52

6 M

Question 53

sit with support

Answer 53

6 M

Question 54

sit alone leaning forward on hands for support

Answer 54

7 M

Question 55

sit unsupported

Answer 55

8 M

Question 56

go into sitting position from prone or supine

Answer 56

10 M