GS&G 1.6,1.7

Question 1

How many trips do all containers make

Answer 1

200 million per year

Question 2

Effects of shipping on climate

Answer 2

• Responsible for 18-30% of nitrous oxide
• Responsible for 3.5-4% of all CC emissions

Question 3

Describe the spatial variation of technological advancements

Answer 3

• most flights in Europe, America and SE Asia
• Least flights in Russia, Saharan Africa
• East Russia always been disconnected

Question 4

Explain Massey’s Shrinking World

Answer 4

Modern globalisation creates a shrinking world with increased communication in less time. Perception of ‘near’ has changed (2 hours is long for older ppl, but 4/5 is long for youth)

Question 5

Explain Harvey’s Time-Space compression

Answer 5

globalisation is quicker, closer and easier (containersiation)

Question 6

Describe mobile phone subscription variation

Answer 6

• Libya has 200 phone subscriptions per 100 people likely due to high landline use and increasing smartphone use
• The number grew from 65.8/100 in 2006 to almost double in 10 years, then up to 200/100 in 6 years

Question 7

How do TNCs spread culture

Answer 7

TNCs are culture in some countries - Japan KFC
Google home page

Question 8

How do TNCs spread capital

Answer 8

• more disposable income as TNCs employ workers abroad
• TNCs are tariffed so economic growth for country being offshored to

Question 9

How do TNCs spread tech

Answer 9

TNCs own 75% of broadband width in undersea cables
Heavily involved in development of Proa cable from Japan to US - Google invested $1bn USD

Question 10

How do TNCs spread social

Answer 10

• Easier connections due to social media

Question 11

How are TNCs involved politically

Answer 11

• Spread of political ideas (labour)
• Olympics sponsored by TNCs

Question 12

What are the future largest ship sizes

Answer 12

Malaccamax dimensions

Question 13

Who instated standard dimensions for containers

Answer 13

International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

Question 14

Impacts of containerisation on loading times

Answer 14

In 1965, a dock labourer could only move 1.7 tonnes per hour, but in 1970, 30 tonnes per hour could be moved
- Less theft, and door-door journey time slashed in half

Question 15

Risks of undersea cables

Answer 15

• Recent attacks in 2008 show impact of 4 cables being cut as millions disrupted
• Hundreds of network operators secure in one building with minimal security make it a lucrative target for sabotage

Question 16

Impact of undersea cables

Answer 16

• National economies rely on connectivity allowing seamlessly integrated efforts using internet
• Promotes economic growth of countries without need for high costs

Question 17

Describe spatial variation of undersea cables

Answer 17

• Most connections in Mediterranean and Red Sea, and from US to Europe and Asia to US
• Little connectivity to North Sea

Question 18

How much data was transferred in 2017?

Answer 18

15 Zettabytes

Question 19

How does tech depend on TNCs?

Answer 19

• When profits fall, TNCs invest heavily in new tech development and research
• Leads to a positive feedback loop of improvement of tech

Question 20

Describe 2023 KOF index rankings

Answer 20

• Switzerland at top
• US at 25th
• UK at 7th
• Russia and China both not in top 40 (Could be unreliable data)

Question 21

Issue of KOF index

Answer 21

Doesnt measure cultural flows and flows of ideas
Smaller countries rank higher due to higher per capita
Data could be inaccurate
Outdated measures such as international mail volume

Question 22

Positives of KOF index

Answer 22

• Multitude of factors included
• Long time of collected data to compare