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RUSVM Gross Anatomy 2 > GSA, Vestibular/Auditory, Vision > Flashcards

GSA, Vestibular/Auditory, Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Exteroception

A

ways that the nervous system receives information about the external environment

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2
Q

What are examples of exteroception?

A

touch, temperature, paint, etc.

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3
Q

Interoception

A

ways the nervous system receives information about the internal environment (GVA)

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4
Q

Examples of interoception:

A

visceral pain, sensory for pain within body

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5
Q

Proprioception

A

ways the n.s. receives info about the position and movement of teh body (where the limbs are in space)

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6
Q

GVA (general visceral afferent)

A

sensory from autonomic ns

afferent info from teh viscera

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7
Q

GSA (gneral sensory afferent: somatosensation(

A

Sensory from teh skin and skeletal mm

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8
Q

What does GSA (somatosensation) sens?

A

touch, pain, temperautre, position of the body

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9
Q

Mechanoreception

A

physical deformation

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

heat and cold

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11
Q

nociceptors

A

noxious stimuli (potentially injurious)

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12
Q

Photoreceptors

A

vision

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13
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemical change (taste, smell, O2/CO2 in blood)

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14
Q

Destinations for afferent neurons

A

cortex, cerembellum, individual spinal cord segments or ARAS

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15
Q

ARAS

A

wakefulness- noxious stimulus that will help keep you awake

pinching urself to stay awake in lecture

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16
Q

Divergence

A

same sensory info. sent to multiple destinations for different purposes

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17
Q

Parallel processing

A

different aspects of the same sensory experience are perceived in different parts of the brain at the same time

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18
Q

Receptors (receptor cell)

A

transduction of neuronal activity

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19
Q

Action potentials in primary neuron

A

goes from periphery to CNS

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20
Q

Axons ascend the to brain in somatosensory pathways in

A

fiber tracts

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21
Q

Thalamus to the Cortex

A

relay processing point for all sensations destined for conscious perception
**Vision, audition, somatosensation

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22
Q

Somatosensory inputs go to the (blank) thalamus and cortex

A

contralateral

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23
Q

somatotopy

A

the spot in the brain corresponding to a specific area on the body

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24
Q

Sensory pathways exhibit?

A

somatotopy

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25
Q

The receptor density in the periphery is equal

A

to the amount of space in the thalamus and the cortex dedicated to that sensation (mapping)

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26
Q

Why does the startle reflex occur?

A

protection from physical impact, interrupt behavioral patterns, facilitate flight response

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27
Q

Where does the descending pathway of the startle reflex go to?

A

LMNs of skeletal muscles of limbs

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28
Q

What does the start reflex cause?

A

flexion of almost all skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Auditory pathway is responsible for?

A

conscious perception of sound

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30
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A
  1. cochlear nuclei
  2. caudal colliculi
  3. medial geniculate nucleus
  4. auditory cortex for conscious perception of sound
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31
Q

conduction deafness

A

sound can’t get from the ear to the vestibular window due to damage, disease or obstruction

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32
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

sounds get to the vestibular window but can’t transmit the sound to the auditory cortex
–> damage to cochlea, cochlear neves or auditory cortex

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33
Q

Inherited deafness is classified as?

A

sensorineural deafness

34
Q

What kind of testing can be done for congenital deafness?

A

BAER testing

35
Q

Vestibular System is involved in?

A

motor pathways that are complex and concerned with maintaining a stable orientation to gravity and motion

36
Q

The vestibular system is a special form of proprioception because

A

it is sense balance and acceleration which are varieties of body position

37
Q

Vestibular nerve is formed by:

A

axons from the utricle, sacule and semicircular canals

38
Q

Vestibular pathway

A

vestibular portions of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei in teh hind brain

39
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

When information goes from the vestibular nuclei to the motor nuclei of 3, 4, 6 for control of eye movements

40
Q

Vestibular pathway effects what part of the brain for posture and balance modifications?

A

cerebellum

41
Q

Vestibulo-spinal reflex involves

A

vestibular pathway and the trunk

42
Q

Vestibulocollic reflexes involves

A

vestibular pathway and the head n neck

43
Q

What does the thalamus coordinate for the vestibular pathway?

A

conscious perception of movements

44
Q

What part of the vestibular pathway is involved with control of eye movement in response to vestibular input?

A

medial longitudinal fasciulus (in brain stem)

45
Q

Vestibulo-ocular reflex is

A

the slow movement of the eyes as they catch up to teh movement of the head (tracking)

46
Q

Are resting nystagmus or positional nystagmus a normal vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

NO

47
Q

Estropia

A

crossed eyes can cause a type of physiological nystagmus in Siamese/Himalayan cats

48
Q

Unilateral lesion

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

one side fires and the other does not (partially or not at all )

49
Q

Peripheral vestibular lesion

A

nystagmus is either horizontal or rotary and does NOT change in when the head position is changed

50
Q

Central Vestibular Lesion

A

Horizontal, rotary, vertical and MAY change when patient is put into dorsal or lateral recumbency

51
Q

Lesion to the vestibulo-collic reflex

A

decreased/absent firing ont eh side of the lesion, wit h the other side firing at a normal rate
**head tilts TOWARDS the side of the lesion

52
Q

Vestibulospinal Reflex prevents falling when

A

the head shifts in position

53
Q

Vestibulospinal reflex lesion

A

patient only senses movement toward the intact side

**move balance towards the lesioned side

54
Q

What are clinical signs of a vestibulospinal reflex lesion?

A

rolling, circle, leaning TOWARDS the side of the lesion

55
Q

OS refers to

A

the left eye

56
Q

OD refers to

A

the right eye

57
Q

Prey animals eyes are located laterally for:

A

increased peripheral vision (poor depth perception) and decussation compared to predators

58
Q

Where does the optic nerve go after they penetrate the optic disc?

A

optic nerve, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum, superior colliculus

59
Q

Retinogeniculostriate pathway is involved in:

A

conscious perception of vision

- menace response pathway

60
Q

Retinogeniculostriate pathway occurs via what nerve after optic nn?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

61
Q

Retinopretectal Pathway is involved in which reflex?

A

PLR

62
Q

Retinopretectal pathway occurs via what nerve?

A

pretectal nucleii

63
Q

Retinotectal pathway occurs via which nerve?

A

rostral colliculi

64
Q

Retinotectal pathway is involved in what reflex?

A

ocular fixation

65
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway is involved in

A

circadian rhythms

66
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway occurs via which nerve

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

67
Q

80% of your optic tract axons follow which nerve?

A

LGN in the thalamus

68
Q

How do you test the retinogeniculostriate pathway?

A

maze, drop a cotton ball, roll ball, visual placement test, menace response

69
Q

Retinopretectal pathway is going to synapse at the

A

rostral colliculus

70
Q

The retinopretectal pathway after projecting on the rostral colliculus synapses on

A

teh edinger-westphal nucleus

**para nucleus of CN3

71
Q

What kind of clinical sign is common with brainstem trauma?

A

pupillary abnormalities

72
Q

What ocular pathway is involved processing visual information without conscious awareness (blindsight)?

A

Retinotectal pathway

73
Q

What pathway is involved in reflex orientation of the eyes towards visually interesting stimuli?

A

Retinotectal pathway

74
Q

From the rostral colliculi the retinotectal pathway nerves travel to

A

CN nuclei (3, 4, 6), spinal mm., thalamus and cerebellum

75
Q

Which ocular pathway is involved in light input for circadian rhythm (photoperiod for breeding)

A

Retinohypothalamic pathway

76
Q

In the retinohypothalamic pathway where to nerves travel to after optic n?

A

to teh superchiasmatic nucleus (craniomedial hypothalamus)

77
Q

What is Horners?

A

Sympathetic denervaton

78
Q

What causes horners (pre-ganglionic)?

A

neck trauma or disc rupture, brachial plexus avulsion, axillary lesion, cranial thoracic disease, neck tumor, traumatic venepuncture

79
Q

What causes horners (post-ganglionic)?

A

otitis, orbital disease

80
Q

What is the most common type of horners?

A

idiopathic

RUSVM Gross Anatomy 2 (7 decks)

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