GSGG Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
Globalisation
A
growing interdependence of countries worldwide
2
Q
types of globalisation
A
- social
- economic
- cultural
- political
3
Q
dimensions of globalisation (flows)
A
- capital
- labour
- products
- services and information
4
Q
flows of capital
A
- money for investment/ trade
- FDI 2016= 1500bn$
5
Q
flows of labour
A
- migration
- economic migrants send remittance home
- 2014, 25/ of Nepals GDP made up of remittance
6
Q
Flows of services and information
A
- HICs= banking, technology
- LICs= customer services
- news
7
Q
Flows of products
A
- goods
- production in LICs, sold in HICs
8
Q
Glocalisation
A
- products adapted to suit location
- India mcdonald’s doesn’t sell beef
9
Q
Deindustrialisation
A
- global/ asian shift
- production went from HICs to LICs
10
Q
Factors of globalisation
6
A
- technology
- financial
- transport
- security
- communication
- management
11
Q
tech as a factor of globalisation
A
- shrinking world effect
- phones
- transport
12
Q
financial as a factor of globalisation
A
- investment
- banks
- WTO/WB
13
Q
transport as a factor of globalisation
A
- containerisation
- air travel
- reduce cost and transport time
14
Q
security as a factor of globalisation
A
- laws
- migration policies
15
Q
communication as a factor of globalisation
A
- rise of internet
16
Q
management as a factor of globalisation
A
- global supply chains
17
Q
Offshoring
A
moving a company abroad eg factories in areas of cheaper labour
18
Q
Outsourcing
A
employing another company to carry out sections of work eg call centres
19
Q
Types of trade agreements
A
- free trade areas
- customs union
- political union
20
Q
free trade areas
A
- eliminates internal barriers but maintain external barriers
- NAFTA
21
Q
customs union
A
- eliminate internal barriers
- one common external barrier
- EU
22
Q
political union
A
- free movement of labour and people
- uniform set of economic politics
- EU
23
Q
Positives of trade blocs
A
- increased global peace
- more influence
- increased movement of labour
24
Q
negatives of trade blocs
A
- different levels of development within a trade bloc can lead to exploitation eg NAFTA
- conflict eg jobs stolen, NAFTA
25
new trade agreements
- geographically far eg EU and japan
- removes tariffs
26
Global governance
- emergence of norms, laws and institutions that regulate global systems
27
UN
- 1945
- after ww2
- To promote peace and growth
- 193 members
28
UNSC
- 5 permanent members
- winners of WW2
- veto power
29
UN peacekeeping force
- aim to promote peace
- 80/ field personal from LICs and NEEs eg Ethiopia
30
World Bank
- 185 members
- important source of financial aid and technical assistance to developing countries
- aim to reduce poverty
31
WTO
- deals with the global rules of trade and help to resolve disputes
32
IMF
- regulates global economy
- advises governments on development
- gives loans
33
SAPs
- given by IMF and WB
- polices countries must follow in order to qualify for loans
- EG 2000 Bolivia, water privatised and prices doubled
34
Gini index
- measures level of inequality of income distribution within a country
- 0 = equal
1 = unequal
35
Trends and patterns of trade
- since 80s volume has increased
- HICS import, LICs export
- increased by trade blocs, new liberal ideas and rise of middle classes
36
differential access to markets
- how much access to markets do different countries have
- effected by wealth, trade blocs and location
37
Trade war eg
- Banana war
- produced: asia, latin america
- consumption: EU and US
- trade dominated by TNCs eg Chiquita
- ex colonies still trade to mother countries
- 1999 EU tried to form a trade agreement with former colonies
- US said to WTO this wasn't fair and it was stopped
38
Trade embargo
- ban on trade
-1973 OPEQ proclaims embargo on USA do to their participation in a war in the middle easy
- oil pries in the US quadrupled
39
Spatial organisation of TNCs
- headquarters in HICs eg silicon valley
- manufacturing in LICs eg asia
- sold: HICs
40
Positives of TNCs in host
- provide skilled jobs
- investment in renewable tech
41
negatives of TNCS in host
- poor working conditions
- repatriation of profits
- air, land and water pollution
42
Positives of TNCs in origin
- high skilled jobs
- low prices
- increase in renewable tech
43
negatives of TNCS in origin
- deindustrialisation
- TNCs can dominate businesses
44
How do linkages affect TNCs?
- economic connections TNCs form with local firms
- Buying from local suppliers, Selling through local businesses
- help reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve integration into host economies.
45
What is meant by differential access to markets?
- unequal ability of countries to participate in international trade
- influenced by their level of economic development, infrastructure, political stability, and membership in trade agreements.
45
How is access to markets linked to levels of economic development?
- HICs often have better negotiating power, and are part of trade blocs.
- LICs/NEEs may face tariffs or quotas
46
How do trading agreements affect market access?
Countries in trade blocs (e.g. EU, NAFTA) benefit from lower tariffs and easier trade.
47
How does differential market access affect economic well-being?
- Limited access → fewer exports, less FDI, and fewer jobs
- Countries with good access can grow faster and attract more investment.
48
How does unequal market access affect societal well-being?
- poor access limits healthcare, education, and infrastructure investment.
- can lead to inequality, poverty, and lower quality of life.
49
How can unequal flows of people, money, ideas, and technology promote stability and development?
- Investment from richer countries (FDI) can fund infrastructure in poorer countries.
- Technology transfer improves healthcare, education
- Skilled migration can boost economic growth.
50
How can unequal flows cause problems like inequalities and conflicts?
- Money often flows back to richer countries, worsening wealth gaps.
- Migration can lead to brain drain in poorer countries
- Exploitation of resources or labor causes social injustice and environmental damage.
51
How do less powerful states respond to unequal power relations?
- They often have limited choices—sometimes they comply, resist, or form alliances to increase their influence.
52
criticisms of globalisation
- Ewaste - Ghana, burner boys
- rana plaza - factory
- ship breaking - south asia
- disproportionate influence of HICs in international organisations
