GU

Question 1

bladder muscle

Answer 1

detrusor

Question 2

contraction of detrusor

Answer 2

parasympathetic stimulation
pelvic nerve
s2-4

Question 3

relaxation of detrusor

Answer 3

sympathetic stimulation
hypogastric nerve
t11-L2

Question 4

external urethral sphincter contraction

Answer 4

pudendal nerve stimulated

s2-4

Question 5

external urethral sphincter relaxation

Answer 5

pudendal nerve inhibited s2-4

Question 6

pudendal nerve

Answer 6

s2-4
contraction = stimulate nerve – no wee
relaxation = inhibit nerve – wee

Question 7

hypogastric nerve

Answer 7

t11-L4
sympathetic
detrustor relaxation
no wee

Question 8

pelvic nerve

Answer 8

s2-4
parasympathetic
detrusor contraction
wee wee

Question 9

which way round is symp/parasymp? and which neurotransmitters dothey use at effector

Answer 9

symp = fight/flight
- NAd

parasymp = rest/digest
- cholinergic

Question 10

where are the 3 narrowings of the ureter

Answer 10

PUJ pelvoureter junction (exits kidney)
passes over iliac vessels (uteral segment)
UVJ uterovesical junction (enters bladder)r

Question 11

gynaecomastia

Answer 11

swelling of male breast tissue due to hormonal imbalance

Question 12

priapsim

Answer 12

prolonged (4h+) sometimes painful erections without stimulus

Question 13

detumescence

Answer 13

loss of erection

Question 14

tumescence

Answer 14

gain of erection

Question 15

cyclophosphamide

• what is it
• big side effect

Answer 15

an immunosuppressive drug

decreases fertility

Question 16

incontinence

Answer 16

involuntary loss of urine

Question 17

urgency incontinence

Answer 17

incontinence associated with urgent desire to void, difficult to defer

Question 18

stress incontinence

Answer 18

associated with coughing/straining (eg heavy lifting) –> increase in intraabdominal pressure

Question 19

is stress incontinence more common in men or women

Answer 19

women

Question 20

continuous incontinence

cause

Answer 20

leaks out as bladder fills

due to fistula (between bladder and vagina or bowel/rectum)

Question 21

mixed incontinence

Answer 21

combination of stress incontinence and urgency

Question 22

overflow incontinence

Answer 22

occurs in the presence of a full bladder - you can’t void s pressure builds until it exceeds the sphincter

Question 23

is overflow incontinence more common in men or women

Answer 23

men

Question 24

social incontinence

Answer 24

occurs with dementia: cortex is damaged so wee in inappropriate places

Question 25

overactive bladder OAB symptoms inc which feature is key cause

Answer 25

``` uregency = key feature frequency maybe nocturia maybe incontinence in absence of local pathology (no UTI/bladder stone etc) ```

Question 26

augmentation cystoplasty means

Answer 26

enlarge bladder (surgery)

Question 27

bladder drill

Answer 27

try to extend storage times (reduce frequency) using bladder diary behaviour therapy treatment for overactive bladder OAB

Question 28

TNM staging

Answer 28

staging of cancer eg prostate T= tumour itself t1-4 (t1= cant feel, t2 can feel, t3 invaded prostatic capsule, t4 invaded local structures) ``` n= nodes (lymph) n1= present, or otherwise not present ``` m = metastases that are distant m1a/b/c for classifying which

Question 29

which part of the prostate gets bigger in bpe and in prostate cancer

Answer 29

BPE = transitional zone | prostate cancer= peripheral zone

Question 30

bladder calculi=

Answer 30

bladder stones

Question 31

impotence vs erectile dysfunction

Answer 31

impotence encompasses erectile dysfunction (inability to attain/maintain erection) but also low sex drive and orgasm /ejaculation difficulties used v interchangeably

Question 32

hydrocele

Answer 32

swollen scrotum